Effects of combined hormone replacement therapy or its effective agents on the IGF-1 pathway in skeletal muscle
Pöllänen, E., Ronkainen, P., Horttanainen, M., Takala, T., Puolakka, J., Suominen, H., Sipilä, S., & Kovanen, V. (2010). Effects of combined hormone replacement therapy or its effective agents on the IGF-1 pathway in skeletal muscle. Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 20(5), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2010.07.003
Published in
Growth Hormone and IGF ResearchAuthors
Date
2010Discipline
Gerontologia ja kansanterveysGerontologian tutkimuskeskusHyvinvoinnin tutkimuksen yhteisöGerontology and Public HealthGerontology Research CenterSchool of WellbeingCopyright
© 2010 Growth Hormone Research Society. This is a final draft version of an article whose final and definitive form has been published by Elsevier. Published in this repository with the kind permission of the publisher.
Objectives
To investigate the effects of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its effective agents on the IGF-1 signaling pathway.
Design and methods
To examine the effects of HRT on skeletal muscle in vivo, we utilized pre- and post-intervention samples from a randomized double blinded trial with 50–57-year-old women. The intervention included the year-long use of either HRT preparation (2 mg 17β-estradiol, E2; 1 mg norethisterone acetate, NETA, n = 10) or placebo (CO, n = 9). Microarray technology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to study the expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and its splice variants as well as IGF-1 receptor, Akt1, mTOR, FOXO1, FOXO3, atrogin, estrogen receptors and androgen receptor in muscle samples. Serum concentrations of IGF-1, E2 and testosterone were measured. C2C12 myotubes were fed with E2 or NETA followed by analyzing the expression of essentially the same gene transcripts as in human samples by qPCR and phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR by Western blotting.
Results
The gene expression of IGF-1 and its splice variant, IGF-1Ec (also known as the mechano growth factor or MGF), mTOR, FOXO3, and AR was up-regulated among the HRT users compared to the CO (P < 0.05), while Akt1 was down-regulated (P < 0.05). The change in the level of IGF-1Ec transcript correlated positively with muscle size at post-intervention (r = 0.5, P < 0.05). In C2C12 myotubes, no statistically significant effects of either E2 or NETA at the level of gene transcripts studied were identified. The amount of phosphorylated Akt appeared to respond to NETA, albeit the response was not statistically significant. Phosphorylation of mTOR did not respond to either of the treatments.
Conclusion
Year-long postmenopausal HRT was found to affect the expression of the genes along the IGF-1 signaling cascade reflecting the higher muscle mass compared to the CO women. By using cell culture model we were, however, unable to confirm the possible differential role of E2 and NETA. It appears that the synchronous presence of both effective agents of the HRT or the presence of yet unidentified microenvironmental factors providing proper paracrine signals naturally existing in the intact muscle tissue is critical for appropriate signaling via sex steroid-IGF-1 axis to occur.
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