Three-Dimensional Microstructural Properties of Nanofibrillated Cellulose Films
Miettinen, A., Chinga-Carrasco, G., & Kataja, M. (2014). Three-Dimensional Microstructural Properties of Nanofibrillated Cellulose Films. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(4), 6423-6440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046423
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International Journal of Molecular SciencesDate
2014Copyright
© 1996-2014 MDPI AG (Basel, Switzerland). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract:
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films have potential as oxygen barriers
for, e.g., food packaging applications, but their use is limited by their hygroscopic
characteristics. The three-dimensional microstructure of NFC films made of
Pinus radiata
(Radiata Pine) kraft pulp fibres has been assessed in this study, considering the structural
development as a function of relative humidity (RH). The surface roughness, micro-porosity,
thickness and their correlations were analyzed using X-ray microtomography (X–μCT) and
computerized image analysis. The results are compared to those from scanning electron
microscopy and laser profilometry. Based on a series of films having varying amounts of
2
,
2
,
6
,
6
-tetramethylpiperidinyl-
1
-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidated nanofibrils, it was
demonstrated that X–μCT is suitable for assessing the surface and bulk 3D microstructure of
the cellulose films. Additionally, one of the series was assessed at varying humidity levels,
using the non-destructive capabilities of X–μCT and a newly developed humidity chamber
for in-situ characterization. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the films (
20g
=
m
2
)
was below
3
:
7mLm
2
day
1
at humidity levels below 60% RH. However, the OTR
increased considerably to
12
:
4mLm
2
day
1
when the humidity level increased to 80% RH.
The increase in OTR was attributed to a change of the film porosity, which was reflected as an
increase in local thickness. Hence, the characterization techniques applied in this study shed
more light on the structures of NFC films and how they are affected by varying humidity
levels. It was demonstrated that in increasing relative humidity the films swelled and the
oxygen barrier properties decreased.
...
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 1996-2014 MDPI AG (Basel, Switzerland). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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