Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
Laakkonen, E. K., Karppinen, J. E., Lehti, S., Lee, E., Pesonen, E., Juppi, H.-K., Kujala, U. M., Haapala, E. A., Aukee, P., Laukkanen, J. A., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2021). Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, Article 765916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.765916
Julkaistu sarjassa
Frontiers in EndocrinologyTekijät
Päivämäärä
2021Oppiaine
LiikuntalääketiedeBiomekaniikkaGerontologia ja kansanterveysLiikuntafysiologiaGerontologian tutkimuskeskusHyvinvoinnin tutkimuksen yhteisöSports and Exercise MedicineBiomechanicsGerontology and Public HealthExercise PhysiologyGerontology Research CenterSchool of WellbeingTekijänoikeudet
© 2021 the Authors
Objective: Loss of sex hormones has been suggested to underlie menopause-associated increment in cardiovascular risk. We investigated associations of sex hormones with arterial stiffness in 19–58-years-old women. We also studied associations of specific hormonal stages, including natural menstrual cycle, cycle with combined oral contraceptives (COC) and menopausal status with or without hormone therapy (HT), with arterial stiffness.
Methods: This study includes repeated measurements of 65 healthy women representing reproductive (n=16 natural, n=10 COC-users) and menopause (n=5 perimenopausal, n=26 postmenopausal, n=8 HT-users) stages. Arterial stiffness outcomes were aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and augmentation index (AIx%) assessed using Arteriograph-device. Generalized estimating equation models were constructed to investigate associations of each hormone (wide age-range models) or hormonal stage (age-group focused models) with arterial stiffness. PWVao models with cross-sectional approach, were adjusted for age, relative fitness, fat mass and mean arterial pressure, while models with longitudinal approach were adjusted for mean arterial pressure. AIx% models used the same approach for adjustments and were also adjusted for heart rate.
Results: Negative and positive associations with arterial stiffness variables were observed for estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone, respectively, until adjustment for confounding effect of age. In naturally menstruating women, AIx% was higher at ovulation (B=3.63, p<0.001) compared to the early follicular phase. In COC-users, PWVao was lower during active (B=-0.33 - -0.57, p<0.05) than inactive pills. In menopausal women, HT-users had higher PWVao (B=1.43, p=0.03) than postmenopausal non-HT-users.
Conclusions: When using wide age-range assessments covering reproductive to menopausal lifespan it is difficult to differentiate age- and hormone-mediated associations, because age-mediated influence on arterial stiffness seemed to overrule potential hormone-mediated influences. However, hormonal status associated differentially with arterial stiffness in age-group focused analyses. Thus, the role of sex hormones cannot be excluded. Further research is warranted to resolve potential hormone-mediated mechanisms affecting arterial elasticity.
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Julkaisija
Frontiers Media SAISSN Hae Julkaisufoorumista
1664-2392Asiasanat
Julkaisuun liittyvä(t) tutkimusaineisto(t)
Laakkonen, Eija; Kovanen, Vuokko; Sipilä, Sarianna. (2022). Data from Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis (ERMA) study. University of Jyväskylä. https://doi.org/10.17011/jyx/dataset/83491. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202210074820Julkaisu tutkimustietojärjestelmässä
https://converis.jyu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/102373381
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- Liikuntatieteiden tiedekunta [3120]
Rahoittaja(t)
Suomen AkatemiaRahoitusohjelmat(t)
Akatemiatutkija, SA; Akatemiatutkijan tutkimuskulut, SA; Säätiö; Akatemiahanke, SALisätietoja rahoituksesta
This study was supported by the Academy of Finland grants 309504, 314181, 335249, and 330281 to EKL, by the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research to EAH, and by Urheiluopistosäätiö grant 20190110 to JKI. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Lisenssi
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