The regulation of mitochondrial network in rhabdomyosarcoma by prospero-related homeobox 1
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2024Access restrictions
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Rabdomyosarkooma (RMS) on lasten yleisin pehmytkudossyöpä ja muistuttaa histologialtaan erilaistuvaa luustolihasta. RMS-potilaiden ennuste on huono, ja nykyiset hoitomenetelmät aiheuttavat vakavia sivuvaikutuksia. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1) -transkriptiofaktorin on huomattu olevan yhteydessä RMS-solujen kasvuun, myogeenisiin ominaisuuksiin ja mitokondriogeenien säätelyyn. PROX1-hiljennyksen on huomattu vähentävän RMS-kasvainten kasvua. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, sääteleekö PROX1 RMS-solujen mitkondrioverkostoa ja mitokondriaalista fissiota ja fuusiota. Kokeet tehtiin kahdella RMS-solulinjalla, RD ja KLHEL1, käyttäen kontrollisoluina terveitä primäärisiä myoblasteja. PROX1-hiljennys ja kontrollikäsittely tehtiin hyödyntäen lentivirusvektoria. Mitokondriot visualisoitiin MitoTracker-värjäyksellä ja plasmiditransfektiolla, ja kuvantaminen suoritettiin fiksatuille ja eläville soluille konfokaalimikroskoopilla. Käsitellyt solut segmentoitiin MitoTrackerillä värjättyjen fiksattujen solujen kuvista Cellpose-algoritmin avulla ja niiden mitokondriot analysoitiin ImageJ-kuvankäsittelyohjelmalla. T-testi tai ei-parametrinen Mann-Whitney U -testi suoritettiin GraphPad Prism -tilasto-ohjelmalla mitokondriaalisille muuttujille vertaamalla PROX1-hiljennettyjä ja kontrollisoluja toisiinsa. PROX1-hiljennyksen huomattiin vaikuttavan kaikkiin solutyyppeihin, mutta RD- ja KLHEL1-syöpäsoluihin hiljennys vaikutti enemmän kuin terveisiin primäärisiin myoblasteihin. RD- ja KLHEL1-solujen mitokondriot olivat pienempiä ja pyöreämpiä PROX1-hiljennyksen myötä, mikä viittaa mitokondriaalisen dynamiikan muutoksesta lisääntyneen fission ja vähentyneen fuusion suuntaan. PROX1-hiljennys vähensi mitokondrioita KLHEL1-soluissa, mutta ei vaikuttanut RD-solujen mitokondrioiden määrään. Terveiden primääristen myoblastien mitokondrioita oli vähemmän, mutta niiden koko tai muoto ei muuttunut PROX1-hiljennyksen myötä. Näitä tuloksia voidaan toivottavasti hyödyntää uusien hoitomenetelmien kehittelyssä, mahdollisesti mitokondriaalista fissiota tehostamalla tai fuusiota inhiboimalla lääkkeiden avulla.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and its histology resembles developing skeletal muscle. The prognosis for RMS patients is poor, and current treatment methods cause severe side effects. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1) transcription factor has been linked to growth, myogenic properties and mitochondrial gene regulation of RMS cells. PROX1 silencing has been noticed to reduce RMS tumor growth. This study aimed to determine if PROX1 regulates the mitochondrial network and mitochondrial fission and fusion in RMS cells. The experiments were conducted with two RMS cell lines, RD and KLHEL1, using healthy primary myoblasts as control cells. PROX1 silencing and control treatment were done utilising a lentiviral vector. Mitochondria were visualised with MitoTracker staining and plasmid transfection, and imaging was conducted for fixed and live cells using confocal microscopy. The treated cells were segmented from the MitoTracker stained fixed cell images with Cellpose and their mitochondria were analysed in ImageJ with a custom-made macro. A t-test or a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was conducted in GraphPad Prism for mitochondrial variables comparing PROX1 silenced and control cells. PROX1 silencing was noticed to affect the mitochondrial network of all cell types, but RD and KLHEL1 RMS cells were more affected than the healthy primary myoblasts. The mitochondria of RD and KLHEL1 cells were smaller and rounder due to PROX1 silencing, which indicates that mitochondrial dynamics shift towards increased mitochondrial fission and decreased mitochondrial fusion. PROX1 silencing did not affect mitochondria count in RD cells but reduced mitochondria count in KLHEL1 cells. Healthy primary myoblasts had fewer mitochondria, but their size and shape remained unchanged due to PROX1 silencing. These results can hopefully be utilised in the development of novel treatment methods for RMS, possibly through drugs enhancing mitochondrial fission or inhibiting mitochondrial fusion.
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Keywords
alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma fusion gene mesenchymal stem cell mitochondrial fission mitochondrial fusion mitochondrial network myofiber oxidative phosphorylation prospero-related homeobox 1 PROX1 regulation rhabdomyosarcoma RMS satellite cell skeletal muscle soft tissue sarcoma mitokondriot solubiologia solut mitokondrio-DNA kantasolut visualisointi geenit soluviljely mitochondria cell biology cells mitochondrial DNA stem cells visualisation genes cell culture
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