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dc.contributor.authorHäkkänen, Heikki
dc.contributor.authorBackfolk, Kaj
dc.contributor.authorSirviö, Petri
dc.contributor.authorKorppi-Tommola, Jouko
dc.date.accessioned2023-02-08T06:46:56Z
dc.date.available2023-02-08T06:46:56Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.identifier.citationHäkkänen, H., Backfolk, K., Sirviö, P., & Korppi-Tommola, J. (2023). Study of Toner Penetration in Papers by Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Optical Profilometry. <i>Coatings</i>, <i>13</i>(2), Article 346. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020346" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020346</a>
dc.identifier.otherCONVID_176803935
dc.identifier.urihttps://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/85397
dc.description.abstractFour major toners are used in the printing industry, cyan, magenta, yellow and black (Key) for making color images on paper. Paper brands suitable for printing have thin mineral/latex coatings, and toners are applied on top of the coating in the printing process. Chemical compositions from toner to toner, as well as from coating to coating, vary according to the needs of the end user. Interactions between the toner and the coating define the final color formation of the images in printing. Hence, it is important to study characteristics and dynamics of toners on coated papers. In this paper, we have used laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIBS) to provide information on elemental distributions of the toner and the coating layers on three coated papers and the base paper at a sub-micrometer resolution. Ablation crater depth profiles in the three different material layers were converted into metric scale by combining elemental information from the LIBS measurements and optical profilometry. Ablation efficiencies for a toner of 150 nm/pulse, for a coating of approximately 350 nm/pulse and for a base paper of approximately 1 μm at a fluence of 0.6 J/cm2 of an ArF excimer laser were determined. Using these results, the average layer thicknesses of the toner and the coating layers were evaluated. The detailed analysis of the elemental profiles of the two cyan toners studied revealed strong accumulation of silicon and titanium compounds of the toner on the toner–air interface but also on the toner–coating interface, but to a much smaller extent. The observation reveals the significance of toner component diffusion due to substrate–machine interaction in the printing process. Such diffusion processes must have an important role in final color formation of the images in printing. The method developed provides a unique and accurate means to study toner diffusion processes in coated papers under printing conditions.en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relation.ispartofseriesCoatings
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.subject.othermateriaalifysiikka
dc.subject.otherplasmaemissiospektroskopia
dc.subject.otherLIBS
dc.subject.otherlaserablaatio
dc.subject.otheroptinen profilometria
dc.subject.otherlasertulostus
dc.subject.otherpainojälki
dc.subject.othertoner
dc.subject.otherdiffusion
dc.subject.othercoating
dc.subject.otherpaper
dc.subject.otheroptical profilometry
dc.titleStudy of Toner Penetration in Papers by Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Optical Profilometry
dc.typearticle
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:fi:jyu-202302081677
dc.contributor.laitosKemian laitosfi
dc.contributor.laitosDepartment of Chemistryen
dc.contributor.oppiaineFysikaalinen kemiafi
dc.contributor.oppiaineNanoscience Centerfi
dc.contributor.oppiainePhysical Chemistryen
dc.contributor.oppiaineNanoscience Centeren
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.description.reviewstatuspeerReviewed
dc.relation.issn2079-6412
dc.relation.numberinseries2
dc.relation.volume13
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion
dc.rights.copyright© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
dc.rights.accesslevelopenAccessfi
dc.subject.ysopaperi
dc.subject.ysodiffuusio (fysikaaliset ilmiöt)
dc.subject.ysopäällysteet
dc.subject.ysoväripainatus
dc.subject.ysovalomikroskopia
dc.subject.ysomateriaalitutkimus
dc.subject.ysolaserpulssit
dc.format.contentfulltext
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p8522
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p18009
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p3037
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p2177
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p27501
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p21322
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p38919
dc.rights.urlhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.relation.doi10.3390/coatings13020346
jyx.fundinginformationResearch was funded by the Finnish Government Centre for Advancement of Technology (TEKES, project No 3113/31/04).
dc.type.okmA1


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