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dc.contributor.authorZhang, Ji
dc.contributor.authorÖrmälä, Anni-Maria
dc.contributor.authorMappes, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorLaakso, Jouni
dc.date.accessioned2015-12-03T10:33:28Z
dc.date.available2015-12-03T10:33:28Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.identifier.citationZhang, J., Örmälä, A.-M., Mappes, J., & Laakso, J. (2014). Top-down effects of a lytic bacteriophage and protozoa on bacteria in aqueous and biofilm phases. <i>Ecology and Evolution</i>, <i>4</i>(23), 4444-4453. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1302" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1302</a>
dc.identifier.otherCONVID_24421098
dc.identifier.urihttps://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/47974
dc.description.abstractLytic bacteriophages and protozoan predators are the major causes of bacterial mortality in natural microbial communities, which also makes them potential candidates for biological control of bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about the relative impact of bacteriophages and protozoa on the dynamics of bacterial biomass in aqueous and biofilm phases. Here, we studied the temporal and spatial dynamics of bacterial biomass in a microcosm experiment where opportunistic pathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens was exposed to particle‐feeding ciliates, surface‐feeding amoebas, and lytic bacteriophages for 8 weeks, ca. 1300 generations. We found that ciliates were the most efficient enemy type in reducing bacterial biomass in the open water, but least efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass. Biofilm was rather resistant against bacterivores, but amoebae had a significant long‐term negative effect on bacterial biomass both in the open‐water phase and biofilm. Bacteriophages had only a minor long‐term effect on bacterial biomass in open‐water and biofilm phases. However, separate short‐term experiments with the ancestral bacteriophages and bacteria revealed that bacteriophages crash the bacterial biomass dramatically in the open‐water phase within the first 24 h. Thereafter, the bacteria evolve phage‐resistance that largely prevents top‐down effects. The combination of all three enemy types was most effective in reducing biofilm biomass, whereas in the open‐water phase the ciliates dominated the trophic effects. Our results highlight the importance of enemy feeding mode on determining the spatial distribution and abundance of bacterial biomass. Moreover, the enemy type can be crucially important predictor of whether the rapid defense evolution can significantly affect top‐down regulation of bacteria.en
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd.
dc.relation.ispartofseriesEcology and Evolution
dc.subject.otherTetrahymena thermophila
dc.subject.otherAcanthamoeba castellanii
dc.subject.otherAquatic bacteria
dc.subject.otherDefense evolution
dc.subject.otherLytic bacteriophage
dc.subject.otherMicrocosm
dc.subject.otherSemad11
dc.subject.otherSerratia marcescens db11
dc.subject.otherTop-down regulation
dc.titleTop-down effects of a lytic bacteriophage and protozoa on bacteria in aqueous and biofilm phases
dc.typeresearch article
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201512023889
dc.contributor.laitosBio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitosfi
dc.contributor.laitosDepartment of Biological and Environmental Scienceen
dc.contributor.oppiaineEkologia ja evoluutiobiologiafi
dc.contributor.oppiaineSolu- ja molekyylibiologiafi
dc.contributor.oppiaineBiologisten vuorovaikutusten huippututkimusyksikköfi
dc.contributor.oppiaineEcology and Evolutionary Biologyen
dc.contributor.oppiaineCell and Molecular Biologyen
dc.contributor.oppiaineCentre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Researchen
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle
dc.date.updated2015-12-02T10:15:04Z
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.description.reviewstatuspeerReviewed
dc.format.pagerange4444–4453
dc.relation.issn2045-7758
dc.relation.numberinseries23
dc.relation.volume4
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion
dc.rights.copyright© 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
dc.rights.accesslevelopenAccessfi
dc.type.publicationarticle
dc.rights.urlhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.relation.datasethttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mr0n8
dc.relation.doi10.1002/ece3.1302
jyx.fundinginformationAcademy of Finland. Grant Numbers: #1130724, #1255572. Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions 2012‐2017. Grant Number: #252411. Finnish Cultural Foundation Biological Interactions Graduate School (BIOINT). Ellen and Artturi Nyyssönen Foundation.
dc.type.okmA1


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© 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.