Investigating language acquisition in Zambia : mapping vowel confusion of a, e and i between English and ciNyanja
Abstrakti
Sambiassa tehdyt tutkimukset osoittavat, että lukutaito jää saavuttamatta valtaosalta lapsista. Lukutaito alkaa kirjainten ja äänteiden välisen yhteyden ymmärtämisellä. Aiempi heikkojen lukijoiden parissa tehty tutkimus osoittaa sambialaisilla lapsilla olevan vaikeuksia vokaalien a, e ja i kirjain-äänneyhteyksien muodostamisessa englannin kielen vaikutusten vuoksi. Lukutaidon tasolla voi olla vaikutusta tutkimustuloksiin. Tämä tutkimus pyrkii selvittämään vokaalien mahdollista sekoittumista käyttämällä satunnaistettua tavallisista koululaisista koostuvaa otosta. Aineisto kerättiin Lusakan koulualueella tehdyistä lukutaitopeli GraphoGame –tutkimuksista. Ryhmätason ristiintaulukointi, yksilöllinen analyysi ja vertailu vastaavaan kieliaineistoon viittaavat vokaalien sekoittumiseen. Vokaalien erottelun vaikeus vaikuttaa johtuvan englanninkielisten kirjainten nimeämisestä, sillä esimerkiksi kirjain e lausutaan englanniksi [i:], kun taas ciNyanjassa i lausutaan [i] ja e lausutaan [e]. Erottelun vaikeus näkyi yhdistelmissä, jossa esiintyi kirjain e. Aiemmin tehdyn heikkoja lukijoita koskevan ja tämän nykyisen tutkimuksen perusteella vaikuttaa siltä, että Lusakan koulualueen lapset eivät kykene erottelemaan näitä kahta erilaista kielijärjestelmää, jotka ilmeisesti käsitetään osittain samana. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan suositella kirjain-äänne –sekoittumisen huomiointia lukutaidon opetuksessa Lusakan alueella ja äidinkielen opetuksen merkityksen lisäämistä. Jatkotutkimusta tarvitaan vokaalien sekoittumisen syy-seuraussuhteiden kartoittamiseksi ja lukutaidon edistämiseksi Sambiassa.
Avainsanat: vokaalien sekoittuminen, GraphoGame, ciNyanja, Sambia
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Abstract
Recent studies conducted in Zambia indicate that majority of children fail in one of the most essential life skills, literacy. Literacy begins by understanding the connections between letters and sounds. Previous research suggests that poor readers in Zambia have difficulties in learning correct letter-sound connections for vowels a, e and i in their mother tongue ciNyanja due to recitation of English letter names. Previous research findings are based on samples of children chosen by their low literacy level, which could have had an effect on results. This study aims to find out whether this phenomenon can be seen in a random sample of schoolgoers (n = 145). Data was collected from literacy application GraphoGame projects which were conducted in the Lusaka primary school district. A group level cross-tabulation, individual analysis and comparison against a analogical language data sample show confusion with certain vowel combinations. Differentiation challenge seems to be derived from English naming of vowel letters, for example, when English letter e is name as [i:], which contains auditory domination of i, when i is pronounced in ciNyanja as [i] and e as [e]. Confusion was seen especially with combinations including letter e. Based on previous research with poorly reading children, and this current research with average schoolgoers, it seems likely that children are unable to differentiate these two alphabet codes, which are therefore perceived partially as one in Lusaka school district. The findings of this study strongly motivate taking letter-sound confusion into account in literacy teaching in the Lusaka district and prioritizing the mastery of mother tongue. Additional research is called for to further explore these problematics and enhance literacy acquisition in the Zambian region.
Keywords: vowel confusion, GraphoGame, ciNyanja, Zambia
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Alternative title
Mapping vowel confusion of a, e and i between English and ciNyanjaMetadata
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