Effects of strength, endurance and combined strength and endurance training on riders’ physical fitness profile and riding performance in female show jumping and eventing
Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena oli poikkileikkaustutkimuksella määrittää suomalaisten kansallisen ja kansainvälisen tason (N = 52) este- (n = 19) ja kenttäratsastajanaisten (n = 33) fyysinen suorituskykyprofiili sekä pitkittäis-tutkimuksella selvittää 12 viikon voima- (V), kestävyys- (K) ja yhdistetyn voima- ja kestävyysharjoittelun (VK) vaikutukset ratsastajan suorituskykyprofiiliin ja ratsastussuoritukseen. Poikkileikkaustutkimuksessa havaittiin, että este- ja kenttäratsastajat eivät eronneet toisistaan voima- tai kestävyysominaisuuksiltaan eikä eroja ryhmien välillä havaittu myöskään esteradan aikana millään mitatulla osa-alueella. Ratsastajien keski- ja alavartalon voimatasot sekä hapenottokyky jäivät samanikäisten liikuntaa harrastamattomien naisten keskiarvotason alapuolelle lukuun ottamatta käden puristusvoimaa, mikä oli keskimääräistä korkeammalla tasolla. Lihasvoimatasoissa ei havaittu puolieroja kehon oikean tai vasemman puolen välillä. Pitkittäistutkimuksessa ratsastajat jaettiin kolmeen interventioryhmään, V, K, VK sekä kontrolliryhmään. V, K ja VK ryhmät harjoittelivat progressiivisella 12 viikon harjoitusohjelmalla 3 x / vko ratsastus-harjoittelun 4-6 x / vko lisäksi. Noin 77 % harjoitusohjelmasta toteutui, mikä riitti lisäämään merkitsevästi ratsastajien hapenottokykyä ryhmissä K ja VK sekä polkupyöräergometrilla mitattuna että ratsastussuorituksen aikana. Lisääntynyt hapenottokyky todennäköisesti lisäsi ratsastussuorituksen taloudellisuutta ryhmissä K ja VK ilmeten merkitsevästi nopeampana ratsastussuorituksena esteradalla. Voimatasoissa ei tapahtunut merkitseviä muutoksia missään tutkimusryhmässä mutta bilateraalinen alaraajojen maksimivoima lisääntyi merkitsevästi ryhmässä V. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että harjoitusohjelmaan tulisi sisällyttää enemmän maksimivoimaharjoitteita sekä ottaa huomioon mahdolliset ratsastusharjoittelun interferenssivaikutukset voimatason positiivisten muutosten saavuttamiseksi. Oheisharjoitusohjelmaa laadittaessa voimaharjoittelu tulisi suhteuttaa ratsastusharjoittelun sisältöön ja -intensiteettiin harjoitusvaikutusten mahdollistamiseksi ja oheisharjoittelun sisältö tulee toteuttaa suunnitellusti.
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The aim of this study was twofold. First, a cross-sectional design (N = 52) was used to examine the strength and endurance performance characteristics of Finnish national/international-level female show jumping (n = 19) and eventing (n = 33) riders, both without and with the horse, during an obstacle test track (OTT). Second, a longitudinal study design was used to examine the effects of strength (S), endurance (E) and combined strength and endurance (SE) training on both the physical fitness and the horse riding performance of the riders after a 12-week training period, using a progressive training program 3 x / week in addition to riding exercises 4–6 x / week. The primary results showed that the show jumping and eventing riders were similar in terms of muscle strength and endurance characteristics, with no significant differences between groups. Neither were differences between the rider groups observed during the OTT riding. The maximal middle- and lower-body strength and endurance levels of the present horse riders were below those of untrained Finnish women of a similar age, excluding hand grip strength, which was above average. No half-differences were found in the strength levels between the right and left sides of the body. About 77% of the 12-week volume equated training period was completed together with horse riding training, leading to a significant increase in the oxygen uptake capacity of the horse riders in the E and SE groups, both in the bicycle ergometer test and during horse riding. The increased oxygen uptake capacity seemed to increase the economy of the riding performance and, thus, enabled significantly faster riding on the track. In terms of maximum strength, there were no major changes in any of the study groups, with only maximal leg press strength increasing significantly, and only in the S group. It would seem that the present training period did not include enough maximum strength training, due to the incomplete implementation of the training program and / or due to the interference effect caused by simultaneous riding training. It should be noted that S training should be included in horse riding training, and the volume and intensity of the horse riding and training periods should be carefully considered when planning an overall training program.
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Jyväskylän yliopistoISBN
978-952-86-0416-7ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003Contains publications
- Artikkeli I: Hyttinen, A.-M., & Häkkinen, K. (2019). Physical fitness profile in female horseback riders. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(12), 1944-1950. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09530-6. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/65919
- Artikkeli II: Hyttinen, A.-M., & Häkkinen, K. (2020). Effects of strength vs. endurance training and their combination on physical performance characteristics in female horseback riders. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(6), DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10380-3. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/68354
- Artikkeli III: Hyttinen, A.-M., Ahtiainen, J. P., & Häkkinen, K. (2020). Oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate levels in female horseback riders during the obstacle test track. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(4), 584-595. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1764747. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/71076
- Artikkeli IV: Hyttinen, A-M, Ahtiainen, J.P., & Häkkinen, K. (2024). Effects of strength vs. endurance training and their combination on cardiorespiratory characteristics in female horse riders in the obstacle test track. In print.
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