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dc.contributor.authorDou, Jinze
dc.contributor.authorVarila, Toni
dc.contributor.authorSalminen, Juha-Pekka
dc.contributor.authorTuomikoski, Sari
dc.contributor.authorHietala, Sami
dc.contributor.authorHemmi, Maria
dc.contributor.authorHu, Tao
dc.contributor.authorLassi, Ulla
dc.contributor.authorVuorinen, Tapani
dc.date.accessioned2023-09-29T08:35:40Z
dc.date.available2023-09-29T08:35:40Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.identifier.citationDou, J., Varila, T., Salminen, J.-P., Tuomikoski, S., Hietala, S., Hemmi, M., Hu, T., Lassi, U., & Vuorinen, T. (2023). Willow bark proanthocyanidins with potential for water treatment : Chemical characterization and zinc/bisphenol A removal. <i>Separation and Purification Technology</i>, <i>318</i>, Article 123943. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123943" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123943</a>
dc.identifier.otherCONVID_182947736
dc.identifier.urihttps://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/89311
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates the chemical structure of proanthocyanidin-rich crude extracts from willow bark and these materials were tested initially as adsorbents for artificial (waste)water treatment. The crude extracts were obtained through mild water extraction and the colorant fractions were further chromatographically fractionated to understand the chemical structure of the willow bark proanthocyanidins. The chemistry of crude extracts and purified fractions were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both NMR (liquid and solid-state) and UPLC-MS/MS suggest that the crude extracts constitute of interflavan linked flavan-3-ols, i.e. proanthocyanidins with both procyanidin (PC)-type and prodelphinidin (PD)-type subunits, with the PC/PD ratio of approximately 2.3 - 2.5. PD-type proanthocyanidins were detected from the purified colorant fractions only with UPLC-MS/MS. Both the UPLC-MS/MS and size exclusion chromatography suggest that the crude extracts have an average oligomerization degree of roughly 5-6 flavan-3-ol units. Adsorption experiments showed that the activated foams made of crude extracts were effective in removing both zinc and Bisphenol A (BPA) with removal efficiencies of roughly 80-90% and thus these willow bark-derived proanthocyanidins are promising in water treatment. The significance of this study suggests the upgrading use of crude extracts for water treatment could significantly improve the value of willow bark.en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.relation.ispartofseriesSeparation and Purification Technology
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.titleWillow bark proanthocyanidins with potential for water treatment : Chemical characterization and zinc/bisphenol A removal
dc.typearticle
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:fi:jyu-202309295327
dc.contributor.laitosKokkolan yliopistokeskus Chydeniusfi
dc.contributor.laitosKokkola University Consortium Chydeniusen
dc.contributor.oppiaineSoveltavan kemian yksikköfi
dc.contributor.oppiaineThe Unit of Applied Chemistryen
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.description.reviewstatuspeerReviewed
dc.relation.issn1383-5866
dc.relation.volume318
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion
dc.rights.copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
dc.rights.accesslevelopenAccessfi
dc.subject.ysoproantosyanidiinit
dc.subject.ysovedenkäsittely
dc.subject.ysovedenpuhdistus
dc.subject.ysopuunkuori
dc.subject.ysobisfenoli A
dc.subject.ysoluonnonaineet
dc.subject.ysopajut
dc.subject.ysosinkki (metallit)
dc.format.contentfulltext
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p39530
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p10858
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p15306
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p24500
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p28177
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p6956
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p5259
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p15062
dc.rights.urlhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.relation.doi10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123943
jyx.fundinginformationThis work made use of the RawMatTERS Finland infrastructure (RAMI) facilities based at Aalto University. This work was a part of the Academy of Finland's Flagship Programme under Project No. 318890 and No. 318891 (Competence Center for Materials Bioeconomy, FinnCERES). Dr. Leena Pitkänen from Aalto University provided the assistance for the molecular weight analysis using Gel Permeation Chromatography. The NMR premises from the University of Helsinki is also appreciated.
dc.type.okmA1


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