Light-induced apoptosis : introducing REDeath
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2021Access restrictions
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Optogenetiikka mahdollistaa minkä tahansa solun toiminnon kontrolloimisen valon avulla. Yksi mielenkiintoinen optogenetiikan käyttökohde on apoptoosin laukaiseminen, jota voidaan hyödyntää muun muassa uusien syöpähoitojen kehittämiseen. Infrapunavalo läpäisee biologista kudosta huomattavasti paremmin kuin muut näkyvän valon aallonpituudet. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli rakentaa ensimmäinen suoraan lähi-infrapunavalolla aktivoituva optogeneettinen apoptoosin laukaiseva systeemi. Uusi systeemi perustuu aikaisemmin julkaistuun OptoBAX-systeemiin, jossa apoptoosin aloitus tapahtuu kuljettamalla apoptoottinen BAX-proteiini mitokondrion ulkokalvolle. Uudessa REDeath-systeemissä kuljetus tapahtuu lähi-infrapunavalolla aktivoituvan fytokromin avulla. Molempien systeemien toimivuutta testattiin kuvaamalla apoptoosin laukeamista konfokaalimikroskopian avulla. Lisäksi apoptoosin laukaisun tehokkuutta yritettiin selvittää virtaussytometrian avulla. Verrattuna muihin julkaistuihin systeemeihin apoptoosin laukaisu tapahtui kummallakin systeemillä samanlaisella aikavälillä, mutta vaati pienemmän valotehon. Apoptoosin laukaisun tehokkuus riippui käytettyjen solulinjojen ominaisuuksista. Lisäksi BAX kulkeutui kummallakin systeemillä mitokondriolle myös pimeässä, mutta se ei aiheuttanut apoptoosin käynnistymistä. Tutkielman tuloksena syntyi ensimmäinen suoraan infrapunavalolla aktivoituva optogeneettinen apoptoosin laukaiseva systeemi, REDeath.
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Optogenetics, a scientific field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by light, has superior spatiotemporal resolution and low invasiveness. One intriguing optogenetic application is the initiation of apoptosis. Controlling apoptosis can answer several questions in basic research and lead to the development of the new cancer treatments. The existing optogenetic apoptosis systems are all activated by blue or green light. Infrared light has higher tissue permeability, which makes it optimal for in vivo studies. The aim of this study was to create the first optogenetic apoptosis system directly activated by near-infrared light. The novel system was built upon the published optogenetic apoptosis system, OptoBAX, which initiates apoptosis by transporting apoptotic BAX protein to mitochondria. In the novel system, REDeath, the transportation was mediated by the near-infrared light activated bacterial phytochrome. The functionality of the original and the novel system was assessed with live confocal microscopy. Also, an attempt to quantify the apoptotic effect was made by flow cytometry. Both systems were capable of inducing apoptosis at a lower illumination power and a similar time scale compared to the other published systems. The cell type specific differences in the effectiveness of the systems were highlighted in the results. Both systems also showed dark activity as colocalization, but without exceeding the apoptotic threshold. Ultimately, the thesis produced the first infrared light activated optogenetic apoptosis system, REDeath.
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