Silver-spoon effects increase competitive fitness in Neurospora crassa
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2020Copyright
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Muuttuviin ympäristöoloihin sopeutumista helpottavat työkalut ovat eliöille tärkeitä, koska muutoksen mahdollisuus on luonnossa jatkuvasti läsnä. Näiden työkalujen joukkoon kuuluvat ylisukupolviset efektit, jotka voivat tarjota jälkeläisille keinoja sopeutumiseen vanhemmilta saatavien vihjeiden välityksellä. Tässä tutkielmassa selvitettiin ylisukupolvisten efektien esiintymistä Neurospora crassa -kotelosienellä, ja efektien löytyessä niiden siirtomekanismia ja vaikutusta jälkeläisten kilpailukykyyn. Ylisukupolvisia efektejä tutkittiin erikseen suhteessa ympäristön sakkaroosipitoisuuteen ja lämpötilaan. N. crassa kantoja kasvatettiin jommassakummassa kahdesta ympäristöstä kahden sukupolven ajan. Kolmannessa sukupolvessa sama määrä itiöitä jokaisesta näytteestä siirrettiin kasvamaan ympäristöön, joka oli joko samanlainen tai erilainen vanhempien ympäristön kanssa. Siirtomekanismia tutkittiin mutanttikantojen avulla, joilla oli puutteita jonkin epigeneettisen modifikaation tuottamisessa. Lisäksi itiöiden koko mitattiin. Kelpoisuusvaikutuksia selvitettiin kilpailuttamalla eri ympäristöistä peräisin olevia rihmastoja toisiaan vastaan. Tulokset osoittavat, että ylisukupolvisia efektejä esiintyy N. crassalla, mutta niiden siirtomekanismi on epävarma. Jos vanhemmat tulivat 1.5% sakkaroosipitoisuudesta tai 25 °C, jälkeläiset kasvoivat paremmin niiden välittömästä ympäristöstä riippumatta. Ylisukupolviset efektit antoivat jälkeläisille myös merkittäviä kilpailullisia etuja laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Näiden tulosten perusteella N. crassa pystyy hyötymään ylisukupolvisista efekteistä ja siten nämä efektit voivat olla tärkeitä myös luonnossa.
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Tools that help organisms to adjust to environmental changes are important for their survival, as the possibility of change is constantly present in nature. Among these tools are between-generation effects, that can help in adaptation via cues from the parents. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate if between-generation effects exist in ascomycete Neurospora crassa, and if they do, what is their transmission mechanism and effect on offspring fitness. Between-generation effects were studied separately in relation to either sucrose concentration in the environment, or temperature. N. crassa was grown in either of two parental environments for two generations. In the third generation, equal amounts of spores were transferred to grow in an environment that was similar or different to the parental environment. Transmission mechanism was explored using mutant strains with deficiencies in epigenetic mechanisms, and measurements of spore size. Fitness effects were studied by competing marked strains originating from different parental environments against one another. The results show that between-generation effects exist in N. crassa, but the transmission mechanism for these effects is not clear. If the parents originated from environments 1.5% sucrose or 25 °C, offspring grew better irrespective of their immediate environment. Between-generation effects are also able to give offspring significant competitive advantages in laboratory conditions. Based on these results, N. crassa is able to benefit from between-generation effects and so these effects can be important in nature.
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