Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with heart rate variability in 6- to 9-year-old children : the PANIC study
Veijalainen, A., Haapala, E. A., Väistö, J., Leppänen, M. H., Lintu, N., Tompuri, T., Seppälä, S., Ekelund, U., Tarvainen, M. P., Westgate, K., Brage, S., & Lakka, T. A. (2019). Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with heart rate variability in 6- to 9-year-old children : the PANIC study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(11-12), 2487-2498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04231-5
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European Journal of Applied PhysiologyAuthors
Date
2019Copyright
© The Authors, 2019
Purpose. To study the associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with heart rate variability (HRV) in children.
Methods. The participants were a population sample of 377 children aged 6–9 years (49% boys). ST, light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) were assessed using a combined heart rate and movement sensor, maximal power output per kilograms of lean body mass as a measure of CRF by maximal cycle ergometer exercise test, and HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF) using 5 min resting electrocardiography. Data were analysed by linear regression adjusted for years from peak height velocity.
Results. In boys, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.185 to − 0.146, p ≤ 0.049) and MVPA, VPA, PAEE, and CRF were directly associated (β = 0.147 to 0.320, p ≤ 0.048) with HRV variables. CRF was directly associated with all HRV variables and PAEE was directly associated with RMSSD after mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF (β = 0.169 to 0.270, p ≤ 0.046). In girls, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.382 to − 0.294, p < 0.001) and LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, and PAEE were directly associated with HRV variables (β = 0.144 to 0.348, p ≤ 0.049). After mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF, only the inverse associations of ST with HRV variables remained statistically significant.
Conclusions. Higher ST and lower PA and CRF were associated with poorer cardiac autonomic nervous system function in children. Lower CRF in boys and higher ST in girls were the strongest correlates of poorer cardiac autonomic function.
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Additional information about funding
Open access funding provided by University of Eastern Finland (UEF) including Kuopio University Hospital. We are grateful to the children and their parents for participating in the PANIC study. We are also indebted to the members of the PANIC research team for their contribution in acquisition of data. We would also like to express our gratitude to Stefanie Hollidge from MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, for her assistance in processing the PA data. The PANIC study has financially been supported by grants from Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health of Finland, Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Research Committee of the Kuopio University Hospital Catchment Area (State Research Funding), Finnish Cultural Foundation, Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra, Foundation for Paediatric Research, Juho Vainio Foundation, Diabetes Research Foundation in Finland, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, Paavo Nurmi Foundation, and the city of Kuopio. KW and SB were supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/3) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20014). ...License
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