Synthesis of 2'-fluorinated-2'-deoxycytidine derivatives to investigate a direct DNA demethylation pathway in stem cells
This master’s thesis is divided into a literature review and an experimental part.
The literature review starts with an introduction of nucleic acids and epigenetics,
covering both chemical- and biological aspects. These chemical- and biological
processes are explained at a level that is needed to understand the aim of the
experimental project and the purpose of the synthesized compounds. The main
focus of this thesis is the 2’-deoxyribonucleic acid, especially 2’-deoxycytidine
derivatives being in the leading role. The roles and functions of other
components, like purine bases and histones, are not included in this thesis.
The latter part of the literature review, concerning the chemistry of 2’-deoxy
pyrimidines and respective 2’-fluorinated derivatives, introduces their chemical
properties. Based on the published data, this review will summarize different
chemical approaches to introduce a variety of functional groups to the C5-postion
of the pyrimidine ring to obtain C5 functionalized- 2’-deoxyuridine and 2’-
deoxycytidine derivatives.
In the experimental part, the main objective was to synthesize 5-nitro-2’-fluoro2’-deoxycytidine
and 5-(butyl-4-acetoxy-benzoate)-2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine to
study their roles in the active demethylation process that occurs via C–C bond
cleavage. The last steps of the latter mentioned compound requires further
optimization and therefore remains under work. 5-Nitro-2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine
was further studied by feeding it to cultured mammalian cells. For the detection
of its potential incorporation into DNA, UHPLC-MS/MS was used to provide
quantitative data. The analysis showed no incorporation occurred into the DNA,
however the nucleoside was found in the soluble pool and therefore, could have
other biological implications.
This thesis gives a brief insight into the challenging field of chemical biology that
is not studied during the master courses but is explained in the understandable
manner for the students on master level. It will be of interest to an audience of
multidisciplinary researchers in organic- and biological chemistry and it can be
helpful for entering chemists to understand the chemical aspects concerning
epigenetics and nucleoside chemistry as well as their connection to biology.
...
Tämä opinnäytetyö jakautuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen ja kokeelliseen osioon.
Kirjallisuuskatsaus alkaa tutustumisella nukleiinihappoihin ja epigenetiikkaan
kemiallisesta ja biologisesta näkökulmasta. Biologinen tausta on selitetty tasolla,
mikä on tarpeellista kokeellisen osion ymmärtämiseksi, sekä ymmärtääkseen
mikä on syntetisoitujen yhdisteiden tarkoitus. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen
pääroolissa ovat 2’-deoksyribonukleiinihapot, erityisesti 2’-deoksysytidiini
johdannaiset. Muiden komponenttien, kuten puriini emästen ja histonien rooli ei
sisälly tähän tutkielmaan.
Toisessa osiossa kohteena ovat 2’-deoksipyrimidiinien ja niiden 2’-fluorinoitujen
johdannaisten kemia, jossa esitellään näiden yhdisteiden kemiallisia ominaisuuksia.
Perustuen julkaistuihin tutkimustuloksiin, tämä kirjallisuustutkielma
kokoaa erilaisia lähestymistapoja lisätä eri funktionaalisia ryhmiä C5 asemaan
pyrimidiini emäksissä.
Kokeellisen osion pääkohteena oli syntetisoida 5-nitro-2’-fluoro-deoksisytidiini ja
5-(butyyli-4-asetoksi-bentsoaatti)-2’-fluoro-deoksisytidiini työkaluiksi aktiivisen
demetylaation tutkimiseen, joka tapahtuu C–C sidoksen katkeamisen kautta.
Jälkimmäisenä mainitun yhdisteen viimeiset vaiheet ovat vielä työnalla. 5-nitro2’-fluoro-deoksisytidiini
syötettiin nisäkkään kantasoluille, joissa sen toivottiin
yhdistyvän niiden genomiin. Potentiaalinen DNA:han liittyminen analysoitiin ultra
korkean erotuskyvyn nestekromatografialla, joka oli kytketty tandem
massaspektrometriin. Analysiin perusteella voidaan sanoa, ettei syötetty
nukleosidi liittynyt DNA:han, mutta löydettiin solulimaan liukenevasta osasta.
Tämä löydös vaatii lisätutkimusta, jotta yhdisteen biologinen merkitys
kantasoluissa saadaan selville.
Tämä opinnäytetyö on suunnattu poikkitieteelliselle orgaanisen- ja biologisen
kemian aloista kiinnostuneille. Se helpottaa alalle tulevia uusia kemistejä
ymmärtämään epigenetiikaa kemiallisesta näkökulmasta ja sen yhteydestä
biologiaan.
...
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