Pathogenic mechanisms of how human parvovirus breaks self-tolerance
It is known that viral infections can cause acute, chronic, and autoimmune diseases
(ADs). However, the mechanism of how a persistent viral infection contributes to ADs
remains still unclear. In this thesis, pathological and immunological aspects of how
common viruses can initiate autoimmunity were investigated, and human parvovirus
B19 (B19V) was employed as a model virus. B19V non-structural protein 1 (NS1), a
superfamily 3 (SF3) helicase, initiated DNA damage resulting in cellular apoptosis. The
apoptotic bodies (ApoBods) induced by B19V NS1 were purified and characterized.
These ApoBods contained viral NS1 proteins with modified autoimmune-associated
self-antigens, e.g. DNA, Smith, Apolipoprotein H, and histone 4. Subsequently, in vitro
B19V-induced ApoBods were phagocytized by macrophages that produced pro-
inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as sICAM-1, IL-8, TNF-Į, and IFN-Ȗ.
Furthermore in vivo, the properties of viral-induced ApoBods causing immune
responses were examined by immunization of these viral ApoBods to the non-
autoimmune mice. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease
was assessed in mice by observing the production of autoantibodies against dsDNA, as
well as inflammation and destruction in major organs. Glomerulonephritis was also
identified within the mice as an indicator of lupus nephritis. It is speculated that
epitope spreading and cryptic epitope are the key mechanisms to activate immune
reactions leading to autoimmunity. Moreover, the clinical research indicated that
antibodies against viral ApoBods, a novel antigen, were detected in chronic B19V
infection and SLE-like patients. We hypothesize that the components of ApoBods, such
as DNA and Smith, were the influential targets for stimulating autoimmunity in the
host. Ineffective phagocytosis of viral-induced ApoBods could enable the release of
viral proteins and self-antigens that participate in the collapse of immunological
tolerance. In summary, ApoBods created by chronic viral infections can participate in
the destruction of self-tolerance.
...


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University of JyväskyläISBN
978-951-39-7115-1ISSN Search the Publication Forum
1456-9701Keywords
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