Axion cosmology
Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan hiukkasfysiikan standardimallin U(1)_PQ-laajennukseen kuuluvan uuden skalaarikentän, aksionin, roolia kosmologiassa. Aluksi esittelemme valittuja paloja kosmologian standardimallista, joita tarvitsemme tarkasteltaessa aksionikentän evoluutiota varhaisessa maailmankaikkeudessa. Teemme myös katsauksen varhaisen maailmankaikkeuden faasitransitioihin ja niiden mukanaan tuomiin topologisiin defekteihin.
Käymme myös läpi ns. U(1)_A-ongelman ja tätä seuranneen vahvan CP-ongelman perusteet. Jälkimmäisen ongelman yhtenä eleganteimmista ratkaisuista pidetään ns. Peccei-Quinn -laajennusta ja aksionikenttää. Tämän minimaalisen laajennuksen globaali kiraalinen U(1)_PQ-symmetria voidaan liittää hiukkasfysiikan standardimalliin usealla eri tavalla, joten kiinnitämme huomiota kirjallisuudessa ehdotettuihin erilaisiin aksionimalleihin. Tarkastelemme myös yleisesti aksionien hiukkasfenomenologiaa, teemme yleisen katsauksen kirjallisuuteen ja listaamme eri astrofysikaalisista havainnoista saatavia rajoitteita malliparametreille. Esittelemme myös lyhyesti aksionien löytämiseksi kehitettyjä havaintomenetelmiä ja koejärjestelmiä.
Tutkielman pääpainona on tarkastella aksionien roolia pimeän aineen hiukkasena. Aksionit voivat muodostaa kosmologian standardimallin vaatiman kylmän pimeän aineen populaation joko ns. nolla-liikemäärä -moodiratkaisujen koherentilla oskillaatiolla, tai U(1)_PQ-symmetrian spontaanista symmetriarikosta syntyvien topologisten defektien, kuten säikeiden ja seinämien hajoamisella aksioneiksi. Laskemme näiden mekanismien tuottaman aksionien energiatiheyden, ja keskustelemme aksionituoton yksityskohdista, kuten aksionikentän tuottamista isokurvatuurifluktuaatioista inflaation aikana. Lopuksi teemme myös katsauksen kirjallisuudessa ehdotetun aksionien muodostaman Bose-Einstein kondensaatin keskeisiin väittämiin.
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In this master's thesis we study the cosmological consequences of the new scalar field, the axion, that appears in the U(1)_PQ extension of the standard model of particle physics. We start by presenting some essential fragments of the standard model of Big Bang cosmology, that are needed when we describe the evolution of the axion field in the early Universe. We also review the basics of phase transitions in the early Universe, and go through the creation and evolution of the topological defects that emerge from these symmetry-breaking transitions.
We also study the so-called U(1)_A problem of the QCD, and the resolution that yields the strong CP problem that are closely related to the axion physics. The minimal Peccei-Quinn extension and the axions are usually taken to be the most elegant solution to this latter problem. The global and chiral U(1)_PQ required by this extension can be implemented into the theory in multiple ways, and therefore we study the different axion models proposed in the literature. We also go through certain phenomenological aspects of axions, and review the model-parameter constraints coming from astrophysical observations. A discussion of the different direct detection methods and experiments is also given.
The focal point of this thesis is to study the role of axions as a candidate for dark matter. Through the coherent oscillation of the so-called zero-momentum modes of the axion field and the decay of axionic topological defects (cosmic strings, domain walls) the Universe can contain a significant axionic cold dark matter population, that is an essential part of the cosmological concordance model (Lambda-CDM). Following the earlier work presented in the literature, we compute the contribution of the axion dark matter to the overall energy density, and also discuss the finer details of these mechanisms, such as the possible isocurvature fluctuations that the axion field can produce during inflation. We also give a brief review on the proposed idea of the axion Bose-Einstein condensate.
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