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Exercise loading and bone structure

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Published in
Studies in sport, physical education and health
Authors
Nikander, Riku
Date
2009
Discipline
Fysioterapia

 
The objective of this dissertation was to determine the types of exercise loading that are associated with the strength of bones. Four cross-sectional studies were conducted between 2004 and 2008 including 378 athletes and their 62 referents. Sixteen different sports were classified into five specific categories for the lower extremities and three categories for the upper extremities according to the type of exercise loading.Besides planar DXA-derived hip structural analysis, pQCT, and MRI methods allowing the assessment of true bone cross-sections were used for the bone structure analyses of the tibia, proximal femur, radius, and humerus. At the lower extremity, the high-impact exercise loading group (volleyball, hurdling, moguls skiing, triple jump, and high jump) and the odd-impact exercise loading group (soccer, racket games, speed skating, slalom skiing, step aerobics) had 13 to 60% stronger tibia and femoral neck than the reference group. Athletes in high-magnitude exercise loading (weightlifting, powerlifting) did not have more rigid tibia and femoral neck than those in the reference group, while athletes in the repetitive, low-impact loading group (endurance running, orienteering, and cross country skiing) had some 20 to 30% stronger tibia and their femoral neck also seemed to be 10% stronger than those in the reference group.A novel finding of this study was that, compared to the reference group, the athletes in the high- and odd-impact exercise loading groups had about 20% thicker cortex at the anterior and supero-lateral regions of the femoral neck, the regions that are especially vulnerable in terms of hip fragility.In the dominant forearm, athletes in both the impact (volleyball and racket games) and high-magnitude (functional weightlifting in soccer and hurdling) exercise loading groups had approximately 15 to 30% stronger radius and humerus than those in the reference group. In the non-dominant forearm, no such difference was found between athletes in impact exercise loading group (racket games) and the reference group, suggesting that there were no substantial inborn differences between these groups.In conclusion, the type of exercise loading seems to be an important external determinant of the structure of bone. At the lower extremity, the rigid bone structure is especially clear among those engaged with high-impact or odd-impact exercise loading, and, at the upper extremity, among those with impact loading in general. However, the findings of these cross-sectional studies should be tested in randomized controlled trials. ...
 
Lonkan kuoriluu ohenee iän ja vähentyneen fyysisen aktiivisuuden seurauksena erityisesti reisiluun kaulan ylä- ja etuseinämissä. Nämä kohdat ovat myös alttiina kaatumisen aiheuttamille murtumille. Riku Nikander selvitti tutkimuksessaan, minkä tyyppistä liikuntaa harrastavilla kilpaurheilijoilla on vahva luuston rakenne. Urheilulajien edustajat jaettiin viiteen liikuntakuormitustyyppiin: iskukuormitus (muun muassa kolmiloikka ja korkeushyppy); vaihtuvasuuntainen kuormitus (mm. jalkapallo ja squash); voimakuormitus (mm. voimanosto); toistokuormitus (mm. kestävyysjuoksu) sekä painoa kantamaton kuormitus (mm. uinti).Tutkimuksen osallistujilta mitattiin reisiluun kaulan luuntiheys (DEXA-mittaus). Lisäksi heille tehtiin luun rakenteen analyysi (magneettikuvaus). Urheilijoiden tuloksia verrattiin kolme kertaa viikossa liikuntaa harrastavien kuntoliikkujien arvoihin.Tulokset osoittivat, että voimakasta iskukuormitusta aiheuttavien lajien urheilijoilla ja vaihtuvasuuntaista kuormitusta sisältävien lajien pelaajilla oli kymmeniä prosentteja suurempi reisiluun tiheys kuin kuntoliikunnan harrastajilla. Yksityiskohtainen luun rakenteen analyysi paljasti, että voimakasta iskukuormitusta saavien urheilijoiden lonkan vahvuus sijoittui osin luun alapinnalle, joka ei ole luun murtumakestävyyden kannalta tärkein alue. Vauhdikkaiden pelien pelaajilla oli sen sijaan tasaisesti paksu kuoriluu myös murtumien kannalta tärkeissä etu- ja yläseinämissä.Maltillinen, suunnanmuutoksia ja vauhdikkaita kiihdytyksiä sekä jarrutuksia sisältävä liikunta vahvistaa reisiluun kriittisiä kohtia ja siten ehkäisee lonkkamurtumia. Tällaisen liikunnan on aiemmin todettu kehittävän myös lihasvoimaa, ketteryyttä ja tasapainoa. - Vauhdikkaat tanssit, maila- ja pallopelit sekä voimistelu ovat erityisen tehokkaita ehkäisemään murtumia, koska ne vaikuttavat monipuolisesti ja ehkäisevät sekä luukatoa että kaatumisia, Nikander suosittelee. ...
 
Publisher
University of Jyväskylä
ISBN
978-951-39-3597-9
ISSN Search the Publication Forum
0356-1070
Keywords
bone structure exercise bone density bone strength osteoporosis liikunta fyysinen kuormittavuus urheilulajit luuntiheys luusto rakenne voima osteoporoosi urheilijat
URI

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-3597-9

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