Alignment of the Individual and Common Good in the Political Theory of Johannes Althusius

Abstract

The chapter analyses the relationship between the individual and common good in the political theory of Johannes Althusius (1563–1638). Within a broadly Aristotelian and Calvinist framework, Althusius paints a picture of a reciprocal and harmonious society in which the individual and common good align through the division of labour and jurisdiction between different individuals and various types and levels of communities. Closer scrutiny reveals that the composition is delicately structured and requires the fulfilment of several conditions. Particularly important are the normative guidelines of social life that direct individuals to justice in relation to their fellow human beings and to piety in relation to God. Nevertheless, conflicts do arise even in Althusius’ schema for society, but in so doing, they also provide further insights into the alignment of the individual and common good. Analyzing conflict situations, we learn first that careful balancing is needed in the ruler–people relationship in order to prevent tyranny, on the one hand, and sedition on the other hand. Second, while reciprocal life is built on a division of labour, not all contributions are welcome since all activities need to be useful for others and morally acceptable. Finally, the alignment of the individual and common good also requires regulating the pursuit for material good in order to serve both the good of the soul as well as the body. Consequently, the alignment of the individual and common good is a possible result of successful politics, not a guaranteed state of affairs.