Nutrition and performance in young female cross-country skiers
Cross-country (XC) skiing is an endurance sport in which training significantly increases dietary energy and macronutrient requirements. As inadequate dietary intake may compromise health and performance, this dissertation aimed to investigate if energy availability (EA) and macronutrient intake are associated with performance and physiological symptoms of low EA in young female XC skiers. In addition, the study investigated the extent to which young female XC skiers meet the current nutritional recommendations for endurance athletes. In experiment I, 19 female XC skiers (16–18 years) completed 48-hour food and training logs during normal training period at home and during a 5-day training camp. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood samples, and performance tests (submaximal running, vertical jumps) were performed on the first and the last morning of the training camp. In experiment II, 27 female XC skiers (15–19 years) completed five 3-day food and training logs during different training periods of the annual training cycle. Laboratory measurements including body composition measurements, fasting blood samples, and performance tests (aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, double poling, vertical jumps) were performed at the end of each training period. Competition performance was determined from the results of Finnish Junior National Championships. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and nutrition knowledge questionnaire were completed in both experiments. Most participants had suboptimal EA and carbohydrate intake during all of the training periods despite increasing dietary intake during more intense training periods. Athletes with higher EA and macronutrient intake tended to perform better both in competitions and in laboratory performance tests. In addition, lower EA and carbohydrate intake during the training camp was associated with signs of under-recovery at the end of the camp. Higher nutrition knowledge and lower prevalence of physiological symptoms of low EA (lower LEAF-Q score) were associated with higher carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, young female XC skiers have difficulties to meet optimal EA and carbohydrate intake, which may have a negative impact on their performance and health. These results highlight the importance of enhanced high-quality nutrition education for young female XC skiers.
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Maastohiihto on kestävyyslaji, jolle tyypillinen harjoittelu kasvattaa huomattavasti energian ja makroravintoaineiden tarvetta. Koska riittämätön ravinnonsaanti voi vaikuttaa negatiivisesti terveyteen ja suorituskykyyn, tämä väitöskirjatutkimus pyrki selvittämään energiansaatavuuden ja makro-ravintoaineiden yhteyksiä suorituskykyyn ja matalan energiansaatavuuden fysiologisiin oireisiin nuorilla naismaastohiihtäjillä. Lisäksi selvitettiin, kuinka nuoret naismaastohiihtäjät syövät suhteessa kestävyysurheilijoiden suosituksiin. Ensimmäisessä osatutkimuksessa 19 naismaastohiihtäjää (16–18-v) täytti 48-tunnin ruoka- ja harjoituspäiväkirjat normaalin kotiharjoittelunsa sekä intensiivisen viiden vuorokauden harjoitusleirin aikana. Kehonkoostumus-mittaus, verikokeet ja suorituskykytestit (submaksimaalinen juoksutesti, vertikaalihypyt) suoritettiin leirin ensimmäisenä ja viimeisenä aamuna. Toisessa osatutkimuksessa 27 naismaastohiihtäjää (15–19-v) täytti kolmen vuorokauden ruoka- ja harjoituspäiväkirjat viidellä eri harjoitusjaksolla vuoden eri vaiheissa. Kunkin harjoitusjakson lopussa suoritettiin laboratoriomittaukset, jotka sisälsivät kehonkoostumusmittauksen, verikokeet ja suorituskykytestit (aerobinen kapasiteetti, laktaattikynnys, tasatyöntö ja vertikaalihypyt). Kilpailusuorituskyky määritettiin nuorten Suomen mestaruus hiihtojen perusteella. Molemmissa osatutkimuksissa selvitettiin kyselylomakkeilla matalan energiansaatavuuden fysiologisia oireita ja ravitsemusosaamista. Energiansaatavuus ja hiilihydraatinsaanti olivat suurimmalla osalla tutkittavista suositeltua matalammalla tasolla kaikilla harjoitusjaksoilla. Korkeampi energiansaatavuus ja hiilihydraatinsaanti olivat yhteydessä parempaan suorituskykyyn sekä kilpailuissa että laboratoriomittauksissa. Matalampi energiansaatavuus ja hiilihydraatinsaanti harjoitusleirillä olivat yhteydessä alipalautumismarkkereihin harjoitusleirin lopussa. Parempi ravitsemusosaaminen ja vähäisempi matalan energiansaatavuuden fysiologisten oireiden esiintyvyys olivat yhteydessä suurempaan hiilihydraatinsaantiin. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella nuorilla naismaastohiihtäjillä on haasteita suositellun energiansaatavuuden ja hiilihydraatinsaannin saavuttamisessa, mikä voi vaikuttaa negatiivisesti heidän terveyteensä ja suorituskykyynsä. Tulokset korostavat ravitsemuskoulutuksen merkitystä nuorille naismaastohiihtäjille.
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Jyväskylän yliopistoISBN
978-951-39-9765-6ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003Contains publications
- Artikkeli I: Kettunen, O., Heikkilä, M., Linnamo, V., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2021). Nutrition Knowledge Is Associated with Energy Availability and Carbohydrate Intake in Young Female Cross-Country Skiers. Nutrients, 13(6), Article 1769. DOI: 10.3390/nu13061769
- Artikkeli II: Kettunen, O., Ihalainen, J. K., Ohtonen, O., Valtonen, M., Mursu, J., & Linnamo, V. (2021). Energy availability during training camp is associated with signs of overreaching and changes in performance in young female cross-country skiers. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 13(1), 246-254. DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2021-0030
- Artikkeli III: Kettunen, O., Mikkonen, R., Mursu, J., Linnamo, V., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2023). Carbohydrate intake in young female cross-country skiers is lower than recommended and affects competition performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, Article 1196659. DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196659
- Artikkeli IV: Kettunen, O., Mikkonen, R., Linnamo, V., Mursu, J., Kyröläinen, H., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2023). Nutritional intake and anthropometric characteristics are associated with endurance performance and markers of low energy availability in young female cross-country skiers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), Article 2226639. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2226639
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