Effect of stratospheric aerosol injection strategy on radiative forcing and precipitation
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2023Copyright
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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yläilmakehän rikki-injektioihin perustuvaa vakio- ja vuodenajan mukaan vaihtelevaa ilmastonmuokkausstrategiaa. Vakiostrategiassa rikkiä lähetetään jatkuvasti päiväntasaajalle, ja vaihtelevassa strategiassa rikki-injektioiden paikka vaihtelee vuodenajan mukaan. Injektioskenaarioita simuloidaan EC-Earth3 ilmastomallin, ja SALSA ja M7 aerosolimoduulien avulla, missä lähetetyn rikin määrä vaihtelee 2 - 100 Tg(S)yr−1 välillä. Näiden lisäksi tutkitaan kummankin strategian kykyä kompensoida ilmakehän hiilidioksidipitoisuuden aiheuttamaa lämpenemistä. Vuodenajan mukaan vaihteleva strategia aiheutti voimakkaamman säteilypakotteen ja pienemmän muutoksen sateisuudessa kun injektiomäärä oli pienempi kuin 10 Tg(S)yr−1. Enemmistö SALSA aersolimoduulilla simuloiduista hiukkaskentistä tuotti voimakkaampia säteilypakotteita verrattuna M7:n simulaatioihin. Sateisuudessa ei esiintynyt aerosolimoduuliin liittyviä selkeitä eroja. Alle 20 Tg(S)yr−1 injektiomäärillä kumpikin injektiostrategia oli yhtä tehokas SALSA aerosolimoduulilla, mutta vaihteleva strategia oli tehokkaampi M7 aerosolimoduulilla simuloiduilla aerosolikentillä.
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Constant and varying injection strategies for stratospheric aerosol intervention with sulfur are compared in terms of radiative forcing and fast precipitation response. Sulfur is injected continuously at the equator in the constant strategy while the injection area is varied spatially and temporally in the varying strategy. Injection magnitudes between 2 - 100 Tg(S)yr−1 are simulated with EC-Earth3 using aerosol modules M7 and SALSA. CO2 compensation capacities of both strategies are also considered. The varying strategy was found to produce a stronger radiative forcing and smaller precipitation due to the fast precipitation response compared to the constant strategy above 10 Tg(S)yr−1 injection rates. Aerosol fields simulated with SALSA produced stronger radiative forcing compared to M7 in majority of the scenarios, however no clear trend was observed in fast precipitation response in terms of aerosol module. CO2 compensation capacities of both injection strategies were similar for simulations using SALSA below 20 Tg(S)yr−1 injection rates, however the varying strategy was more effective than the constant strategy in simulations using aerosol fields simulated with M7.
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