Acetylacetonates and their nitrogen derivatives as antenna ligands for lanthanoid ions
Tässä pro gradu työssä tutkitaan lantanoidien luminesenssia keskittyen asetyyliasetonaatti (AcAc) johdannaisiin sekä erityisesti niiden typpijohdannaisten, ketoiminaattien (NacAc), käyttöön antenniligandeina lantanoidien luminesenssin tehostamiseksi ja luminoivien sensorien kehittämiseksi. Lantanoidiyhdisteet soveltuvat monenlaisiin teknologisiin käyttökohteisiin kuten LED valoihin, aurinkokennoihin, väärentämistä estäviin tunnisteleimoihin ja fluoresoiviin antureihin ainutlaatuisten fotonisten ja elektronisten ominaisuuksiensa ansiosta, joita esitellään tutkielman alussa. Tutkielmassa käydään läpi myös lantanoidien luminesenssin taustalla olevia mekanismeja, mukaan lukien energian siirtoprosessit ja valoherkistys (photosensitization), jonka jälkeen käydään läpi AcAc ja NacAc ligandien sekä niiden lantanoidikompleksien synteesejä ja optisia ominaisuuksia. Lopuksi tutustutaan joihinkin AcAc lantanoidiyhdisteiden sovelluksiin sensoreina.
Kokeellisessa osassa syntetisoitiin NacAc ligandeja sekä niiden yttrium komplekseja, joiden luminesenssi ominaisuuksia oli tarkoitus tutkia. Työn aikana saatiin määritettyä kaksi uutta kiderakennetta syntetisoiduille yhdisteille (Z)-1,1,1,5,5,5-heksafluoro-4-(mesityyli-amino)pent-3-en-2-oni (29) ja kalium(Z)-1,1,1,5,5,5-heksafluoro-4-(mesityyli-imino)pent-2-en-2-olaatti (31). Lisäksi syntetisoitiin kaksi uutta yttrium kompleksia: Tris(4-(mesityylimino)pent-2-en-2-olaatti)-yttrium (35) ja Tris(1,1,1,5,5,5-heksafluoro-4-(mesityylimino)pent-2-en-2-olaatti)-yttrium (36). Kokeelliseen työhön varatun rajallisen ajan ja kompleksien kosteusherkkyydestä johtuvien ongelmien vuoksi kyseisten kompleksien luminesenssi ominaisuuksia ei ehditty tutkimaan. Syntetisoitujen yhdisteiden karakterisoinnissa hyödynnettiin IR- ja NMR spektroskopiaa, alkuaine analyysiä ja yksikide röntgenkristallografiaa. Jos NacAc yhdisteet osoittautuvat hyviksi antenniligandeiksi lantanoideille, niitä voitaisiin käyttää esimerkiksi emittoivina yhdisteinä 3D printattavissa molekyylisensoreissa.
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This master's thesis focuses on the luminescence of lanthanoid complexes. Emphasis is on acetylacetonate (AcAc) ligands, and their nitrogen derivatives in particular, namely ketoiminate (NacAc) ligands, that may function as antenna ligands to enhance lanthanoid luminescence which can be utilized to develop luminescent sensors. Ln ions are suitable for various applications and technologies, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, anti-counterfeiting tags, and fluorescent probes because of their unique electronic configurations and photonic properties, which are introduced the first part of the thesis. Mechanisms that underlie lanthanoid luminescence, including energy transfer and photosensitization, are reviewed after which the focus of the thesis is shifted to the syntheses and photonic properties of AcAc and NacAc ligands followed by the discussion of their lanthanoid complexes. Finally, some sensor applications of lanthanoid AcAc compounds are reviewed.
In the experimental part, NacAc ligands and their yttrium complexes were synthesized with the intention of investigating their luminescence properties. In the end, new crystal structures for (Z)-1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(mesitylamino)pent-3-en-2-one (29) and potassium (Z)-1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(mesitylimino)pent-2-en-2-olate (31) were obtained. Two new yttrium complexes Tris(4-(mesitylimino)pent-2-en-2-olato)-yttrium (35) and Tris(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(mesitylimino)pent-2-en-2-olato)-yttrium (36) were synthesized but because of the limited time reserved for experimental work and problems related to the moisture sensitive nature of the complexes, which often complicated workups, there was no time to investigate the luminescence properties of the targeted complexes. Synthesized compounds were characterized with IR, EA, NMR and single crystal X-ray crystallography. If the synthesized NacAc compounds turn out to be good antenna ligands for Ln ions then, for example, similar compounds could be used as emitting complexes in the 3D printable molecular sensors.
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