Biomechanical recovery factors in non-surgically treated ruptured Achilles tendons : Biomechanics of the Achilles tendon after rupture
Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a frequent and disabling injury. In the last decade the incidence of ATR has been increasing especially in middle aged men participating in recreational sports. Plantar flexion strength decrements and endurance impairments are observed in patients with ATR whether treated surgically or non-surgically. Factors associated with good recovery are yet to be determined, particularly in non-surgically treated patients. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to examine Achilles tendon (AT) and triceps surae (TS) muscle-tendon unit biomechanics in non-surgically treated patients 1-year after ATR. The results show that after rupture, non-surgically treated tendons heal to an elongated length, accompanied by remodeling of the TS muscles to shorter fascicles, and a reduced muscle cross-sectional area. However, stiffness in the injured AT was not different compared to the contralateral limb 1-year after rupture, in contrast with previous studies done on surgically treated tendons around the same time point. The relative contribution of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) during submaximal plantarflexion was higher in the injured limb, and this appeared to compensate for the decreased medial gastrocnemius activity. The lengthening of the injured tendon was associated with greater relative FHL activity, lower stiffness, and worse patient-reported outcomes. It seems that the increased length of the tendon after rupture is responsible for the observed ob-jectively measured and self-reported functional deficits. Non-surgical treatment after ATR seems to allow the conservation of the displacement pattern in the ruptured tendon, suggesting that non-surgical treatment may preserve normal subtendon organization. However, displacement amplitude and non-uniformity were altered after rupture. Using selective electrical stimulation to scan for the representative areas of the TS subtendons within the cross section of the AT, the data indicates that lateral gastrocnemius subtendon was located in the most anterior region adjacent to medial gastrocnemius both in the healthy and ruptured, non-surgically treated tendon. The novel method devel-oped in this thesis enables individual assessment of the TS subtendon organi-zation within the AT and may enable patient-specific rehabilitation protocols in the future.
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Akillesjänteen repeämä on yleinen ja invalidisoiva vamma. Viime vuosikymmenten aikana repeämien esiintyvyys on lisääntynyt erityisesti urheilua harrastavilla keski-ikäisillä miehillä. Vammasta aiheutuu anatomisia ja toiminnallisia puutteita, jotka voivat jatkua useita vuosia. Hoitolinjasta riippumatta repeämäpotilailla on havaittu nilkan ojennusvoiman ja kestävyyden heikkenemistä. Hyvään toipumiseen liittyviä tekijöitä ei tunneta kovin hyvin varsinkaan ei-operatiivisesti hoidetuilla potilailla. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli tutkia akillesjänteen ja kaksipäisen kantalihaksen lihas-jänneyksikön biomekaniikkaa ei-operatiivisesti hoidetuilla potilailla 1 vuosi repeämän jälkeen. Tulokset osoittavat loukkaantuneiden jänteiden olevan tervettä jännettä pidempiä. Pidentyneeseen jänteeseen liittyy kaksipäisen kantalihaksen lihassolujen mukautuminen lyhyemmiksi suuremmalla pennaatiokulmalla ja pienempi poikki-pinta-ala. Loukkaantuneen jänteen jäykkyys ei kuitenkaan eronnut terveeseen jänteeseen verrattuna vuoden kuluttua repeämästä, toisin kuin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa, joissa jännettä on hoidettu operatiivisesti. Ison varpaan koukistajalihaksen (FHL) suhteellinen osuus pohjelihasten tuottamasta voimasta submaksimaalisen plantaarifleksion aikana oli suurempi loukkaantuneessa jalassa, ja tämä näytti kompensoivan kaksoiskantalihaksen pienempää lihasaktiivisuutta. Loukkaantuneen jänteen pidentyminen oli yhteydessä suurempaan suhteelliseen FHL-aktiivisuuteen, pienempään jäykkyyteen ja heikompaan itseraportoituun toimintakykyyn. Jänteen pidentyminen repeämän jälkeen vaikuttaa olevan tärkeä seikka kuntoutumisessa. Jänteen sisäisessä liikkeessä havaittiin muutoksia, mutta osalla potilaista hoito mahdollisti terveen jänteen merkkinä pidetyn epähomogeenisen liikkeen. Jänteen sisäisen liikkeen avulla tutkimuksessa pystyttiin tunnistamaan sisemmän ja uloimman kaksoiskantalihaksen jänteiden sijainti osana akillesjännettä. Tähän käytettiin projektissa kehitettyä uutta menetelmää, joka voi tulevaisuudessa mahdollistaa kuntoutuksen yksilöllistämisen.
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Jyväskylän yliopistoISBN
978-951-39-9693-2ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003Contains publications
- Artikkeli I: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Péter, A., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2021). Non‐uniform displacement within ruptured Achilles tendon during isometric contraction. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31(5), 1069-1077. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13925
- Artikkeli II: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2022). Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture. Clinical Biomechanics, 92, Article 105568. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105568
- Artikkeli III: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2022). In vivo localized gastrocnemius subtendon representation within the healthy and ruptured human Achilles tendon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 133(1), 11-19. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2022. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81163
- Artikkeli IV: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Ponkilainen, V., Reito, A., & Finni, T. (2023). Exploration of muscle–tendon biomechanics one year after Achilles tendon rupture and the compensatory role of flexor hallucis longus. Journal of Biomechanics, 152, Article 111586. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111586
Keywords
rupture flexor hallucis longus muscle non-uniformity repeämä flexor hallucis longus -lihas epätasaisuus achilles tendon calcaneal tendon stiffness ultrasonography biomechanics injuries and disabilities muscles tendons sports injuries akillesjänne kantajänne jäykkyys ultraäänitutkimus biomekaniikka vammat lihakset jänteet urheiluvammat
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Exploration of muscle–tendon biomechanics one year after Achilles tendon rupture and the compensatory role of flexor hallucis longus
Khair, Ra'ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Cronin, Neil J.; Ponkilainen, Ville; Reito, Aleksi; Finni, Taija (Elsevier, 2023)Achilles tendon (AT) rupture leads to long-term structural and functional impairments. Currently, the predictors of good recovery after rupture are poorly known. Thus, we aimed to explore the interconnections between ... -
Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture
Khair, Ra'ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Cronin, Neil J.; Reito, Aleksi; Paloneva, Juha; Finni, Taija (Elsevier BV, 2022)Background Achilles tendon rupture appears to alter stiffness and length of the tendon. These alterations may affect the function of tendon in force transmission and in energy storage and recovery. We studied the mechanical ... -
Non‐uniform displacement within ruptured Achilles tendon during isometric contraction
Khair, Ra’ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Péter, Annamária; Cronin, Neil J.; Reito, Aleksi; Paloneva, Juha; Finni, Taija (Wiley, 2021)The purpose of this study was investigate tendon displacement patterns in non‐surgically treated patients 14 months after acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) and to classify patients into groups based on their Achilles ... -
Achilles Tendon Stiffness : Influence of Measurement Methodology
Khair, Ra'ad M.; Sukanen, Maria; Finni, Taija (Elsevier, 2024)Objective Mechanical stiffness derived from force-elongation curves is fundamentally different from shear wave (SW) elastography-based tissue properties. We compared these techniques, with a total of five methods of ... -
Non-uniformity of displacement and strain within the Achilles tendon is affected by joint angle configuration and differential muscle loading
Maas, Huub; Noort, Wendy; Baan, Guus C.; Finni, Taija (Elsevier, 2020)Although the Achilles tendon (AT) has been studied for more than a century, a complete understanding of the mechanical and functional consequences of AT structural organization is currently lacking. The aim of this study ...