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Biomechanical recovery factors in non-surgically treated ruptured Achilles tendons : Biomechanics of the Achilles tendon after rupture

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Published in
JYU dissertations
Authors
Khair, Raad
Date
2023
Copyright
© The Author & University of Jyväskylä

 
Akillesjänteen repeämä on yleinen ja invalidisoiva vamma. Viime vuosikymmenten aikana repeämien esiintyvyys on lisääntynyt erityisesti urheilua harrastavilla keski-ikäisillä miehillä. Vammasta aiheutuu anatomisia ja toiminnallisia puutteita, jotka voivat jatkua useita vuosia. Hoitolinjasta riippumatta repeämäpotilailla on havaittu nilkan ojennusvoiman ja kestävyyden heikkenemistä. Hyvään toipumiseen liittyviä tekijöitä ei tunneta kovin hyvin varsinkaan ei-operatiivisesti hoidetuilla potilailla. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli tutkia akillesjänteen ja kaksipäisen kantalihaksen lihas-jänneyksikön biomekaniikkaa ei-operatiivisesti hoidetuilla potilailla 1 vuosi repeämän jälkeen. Tulokset osoittavat loukkaantuneiden jänteiden olevan tervettä jännettä pidempiä. Pidentyneeseen jänteeseen liittyy kaksipäisen kantalihaksen lihassolujen mukautuminen lyhyemmiksi suuremmalla pennaatiokulmalla ja pienempi poikki-pinta-ala. Loukkaantuneen jänteen jäykkyys ei kuitenkaan eronnut terveeseen jänteeseen verrattuna vuoden kuluttua repeämästä, toisin kuin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa, joissa jännettä on hoidettu operatiivisesti. Ison varpaan koukistajalihaksen (FHL) suhteellinen osuus pohjelihasten tuottamasta voimasta submaksimaalisen plantaarifleksion aikana oli suurempi loukkaantuneessa jalassa, ja tämä näytti kompensoivan kaksoiskantalihaksen pienempää lihasaktiivisuutta. Loukkaantuneen jänteen pidentyminen oli yhteydessä suurempaan suhteelliseen FHL-aktiivisuuteen, pienempään jäykkyyteen ja heikompaan itseraportoituun toimintakykyyn. Jänteen pidentyminen repeämän jälkeen vaikuttaa olevan tärkeä seikka kuntoutumisessa. Jänteen sisäisessä liikkeessä havaittiin muutoksia, mutta osalla potilaista hoito mahdollisti terveen jänteen merkkinä pidetyn epähomogeenisen liikkeen. Jänteen sisäisen liikkeen avulla tutkimuksessa pystyttiin tunnistamaan sisemmän ja uloimman kaksoiskantalihaksen jänteiden sijainti osana akillesjännettä. Tähän käytettiin projektissa kehitettyä uutta menetelmää, joka voi tulevaisuudessa mahdollistaa kuntoutuksen yksilöllistämisen. ...
 
Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a frequent and disabling injury. In the last decade the incidence of ATR has been increasing especially in middle aged men participating in recreational sports. Plantar flexion strength decrements and endurance impairments are observed in patients with ATR whether treated surgically or non-surgically. Factors associated with good recovery are yet to be determined, particularly in non-surgically treated patients. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to examine Achilles tendon (AT) and triceps surae (TS) muscle-tendon unit biomechanics in non-surgically treated patients 1-year after ATR. The results show that after rupture, non-surgically treated tendons heal to an elongated length, accompanied by remodeling of the TS muscles to shorter fascicles, and a reduced muscle cross-sectional area. However, stiffness in the injured AT was not different compared to the contralateral limb 1-year after rupture, in contrast with previous studies done on surgically treated tendons around the same time point. The relative contribution of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) during submaximal plantarflexion was higher in the injured limb, and this appeared to compensate for the decreased medial gastrocnemius activity. The lengthening of the injured tendon was associated with greater relative FHL activity, lower stiffness, and worse patient-reported outcomes. It seems that the increased length of the tendon after rupture is responsible for the observed ob-jectively measured and self-reported functional deficits. Non-surgical treatment after ATR seems to allow the conservation of the displacement pattern in the ruptured tendon, suggesting that non-surgical treatment may preserve normal subtendon organization. However, displacement amplitude and non-uniformity were altered after rupture. Using selective electrical stimulation to scan for the representative areas of the TS subtendons within the cross section of the AT, the data indicates that lateral gastrocnemius subtendon was located in the most anterior region adjacent to medial gastrocnemius both in the healthy and ruptured, non-surgically treated tendon. The novel method devel-oped in this thesis enables individual assessment of the TS subtendon organi-zation within the AT and may enable patient-specific rehabilitation protocols in the future. ...
 
Publisher
Jyväskylän yliopisto
ISBN
978-951-39-9693-2
ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003
Contains publications
  • Artikkeli I: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Péter, A., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2021). Non‐uniform displacement within ruptured Achilles tendon during isometric contraction. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31(5), 1069-1077. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13925
  • Artikkeli II: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2022). Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture. Clinical Biomechanics, 92, Article 105568. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105568
  • Artikkeli III: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Reito, A., Paloneva, J., & Finni, T. (2022). In vivo localized gastrocnemius subtendon representation within the healthy and ruptured human Achilles tendon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 133(1), 11-19. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2022. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81163
  • Artikkeli IV: Khair, R. M., Stenroth, L., Cronin, N. J., Ponkilainen, V., Reito, A., & Finni, T. (2023). Exploration of muscle–tendon biomechanics one year after Achilles tendon rupture and the compensatory role of flexor hallucis longus. Journal of Biomechanics, 152, Article 111586. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111586
Keywords
rupture repeämä flexor hallucis longus muscle flexor hallucis longus -lihas non-uniformity epätasaisuus achilles tendon akillesjänne calcaneal tendon kantajänne stiffness jäykkyys ultrasonography ultraäänitutkimus biomechanics biomekaniikka injuries and disabilities vammat muscles lihakset tendons jänteet sports injuries urheiluvammat
URI

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-9693-2

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  • JYU Dissertations [694]
  • Väitöskirjat [3298]

Related items

Showing items with similar title or keywords.

  • Exploration of muscle–tendon biomechanics one year after Achilles tendon rupture and the compensatory role of flexor hallucis longus 

    Khair, Ra'ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Cronin, Neil J.; Ponkilainen, Ville; Reito, Aleksi; Finni, Taija (Elsevier, 2023)
    Achilles tendon (AT) rupture leads to long-term structural and functional impairments. Currently, the predictors of good recovery after rupture are poorly known. Thus, we aimed to explore the interconnections between ...
  • Non‐uniform displacement within ruptured Achilles tendon during isometric contraction 

    Khair, Ra’ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Péter, Annamária; Cronin, Neil J.; Reito, Aleksi; Paloneva, Juha; Finni, Taija (Wiley, 2021)
    The purpose of this study was investigate tendon displacement patterns in non‐surgically treated patients 14 months after acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) and to classify patients into groups based on their Achilles ...
  • Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture 

    Khair, Ra'ad M.; Stenroth, Lauri; Cronin, Neil J.; Reito, Aleksi; Paloneva, Juha; Finni, Taija (Elsevier BV, 2022)
    Background Achilles tendon rupture appears to alter stiffness and length of the tendon. These alterations may affect the function of tendon in force transmission and in energy storage and recovery. We studied the mechanical ...
  • Non-uniformity of displacement and strain within the Achilles tendon is affected by joint angle configuration and differential muscle loading 

    Maas, Huub; Noort, Wendy; Baan, Guus C.; Finni, Taija (Elsevier, 2020)
    Although the Achilles tendon (AT) has been studied for more than a century, a complete understanding of the mechanical and functional consequences of AT structural organization is currently lacking. The aim of this study ...
  • Achilles tendon viscoelastic properties and mechanical responses to a single bout of exercise 

    Peltonen, Jussi (University of Jyväskylä, 2014)
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