Life-cycle and site-specific climate impacts of a typical Finnish on-shore wind farm
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2023Copyright
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Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida tyypillisen suomalaisen tuulivoimapuiston ilmastovaikutuksia. Aihetta lähestyttiin kolmella tutkimuskysymyksellä selvittäen tuulivoimapuiston 1) hiilijalanjälki ja 2) energiantakaisinmaksuaika sekä 3) onko puistolla parempi nettonegatiivinen ilmastovaikutus kuin talousmetsällä, johon se on rakennettu.
Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin akateemisen kirjallisuuden, elinkaariarviointi-raporttien, paikkatieto-analyysin (GIS) ja Luonnonvarakeskuksen tietokannan avulla. GIS-analyysillä selvitettiin runkopuun määrä tuulivoimapuistoalueella.
Tyypillisen suomalaisen tuulivoimapuiston hiilijalanjälki on tulosten perusteella 7,18 g CO2e/kWh ja tuulivoimapuiston energiantakaisinmaksuaika 7,06 kuukautta. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että 22 vuoden aikana (puiston rakentaminen ja tuotantovaihe) tyypillisellä suomalaisella tuulivoimapuistolla on nettonegatiivinen ilmastovaikutus, joka on vähintään 169 767,72 t CO2. Skenaariossa, että tuulivoimapuistoa ei rakennettaisi, talousmetsän ilmastovaikutusten laskennassa on huomioitu vastaava sähkömäärän tuotto suomalaisella energialähteiden yhdistelmällä. Tässä tapauksessa netto-positiivinen vaikutus on tulosten perusteella 192 393,42 t CO2. Tuloksia ei voi kuitenkaan tulkita niin, että tuulivoimapuisto olisi hiilinielu. Ilmastovaikutukset ovat yksi osa tuulivoiman aiheuttamista ympäristövaikutuksista.
Tämän tutkielman tuloksilla voidaan hyödyntää ilmastovaikutusten arvioinnin laskennassa ja niillä olla osaltaan vaikutuksia siihen, kuinka tuulivoima nähdään yhteiskunnassa.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate climate impacts of a typical Finnish wind farm. Three research questions were: 1) What is the typical Finnish wind farm’s carbon footprint? 2) what is the energy payback time of the typical Finnish wind farm? and 3) does the typical Finnish wind farm have a better net-negative impact on climate than the commercial forest area on which it was built?
Data for the study were collected via academic literature, wind turbine life cycle assessment reports, geographic information system (GIS) analysis and through the Natural Resources Institute Finland’s Statistics database. The GIS analysis was conducted to retrieve the volume of roundwood on the wind farm’s site.
The carbon footprint of the typical Finnish wind farm was found to be 7,18 g CO2e/kWh and the wind farm’s energy payback time 7,06 months. This study found that during 22 years (consisting of the wind farm’s construction and operation phases) the typical Finnish wind farm had a net-negative impact on climate change of at least 169 767,72 t CO2. In the absence of the typical Finnish wind farm, producing the equivalent amount of electricity by Finnish electricity mix was considered in calculating the net impact of the commercial forest area. This resulted in a net-positive impact on climate change of 192 393,42 t CO2. However, the typical Finnish wind farm did not represent a carbon sink. Climate impacts represent only a part of environmental impacts caused by wind power.
The results of this study might have implications for the acceptability of wind power by general society as well as used for calculating climate impact assessment.
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