Melanoma-derived hyaluronan-coated extracellular vesicles mediate pro-tumorigenic phenotype in macrophages
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2022Access restrictions
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Melanooma- ja immuunisolujen välinen vuorovaikutus mahdollistaa melanooman kehittymisen pahanlaatuiseksi, sekä metastaasin. Syöpäsoluista peräisin olevat solunulkoiset vesikkelit (extracellular vesicle, EV) pystyvät eriyttämään makrofaageja syövälle edulliseksi fenotyypiksi, mutta tarkat mekanismit tälle eivät ole vielä tiedossa. Melanoomasoluissa hyaluronaani syntaasi -geenin ilmentymisen lisääminen lisää hyaluronaanipäällysteisten solunulkoisten vesikkeleiden eritystä. Vesikkeleitä erittyy myös yleisesti paljon syöpäsoluista. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkin hyaluronaanipäällysteisten solunulkoisten vesikkeleiden roolia makrofaagien erilaistumisessa. Hyaluronaanipäällysteiset vesikkelit lisäsivät syöpää edistävien sytokiinien ja muiden tekijöiden (IL-1β, IL-8, TSG-6, and PD-L1) ilmentymistä makrofaageissa ja aiheuttivat makrofaageissa pitkänomaista morfologiaa. Erään hyaluronaanin reseptorin, TLR4:n (Toll-like receptor 4), estäminen vähensi sytokiinien eritystä, mikä voi tarkoittaa hyaluronaanipäällysteisten solunulkoisten vesikkeleiden vaikutuksen tapahtuvan TLR4:n kautta. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat uuteen hyaluronaaniin liittyvään mekanismiin, jonka kautta makrofaagit voivat erilaistua syöpää edistäväksi fenotyypiksi.
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Malignant melanoma development and metastasis is the result of crosstalk between the tumour cells and the immune system. Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can differentiate macrophages into pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of EV-mediated macrophage differentiation are still unknown. Hyaluronan synthase (HAS) overexpression increases hyaluronan-coated EV secretion, and EV secretion is a common trait of cancer. Therefore, the differentiation of macrophages could be related to hyaluronan-coated vesicles. To test this hypothesis, macrophages were treated with melanoma-derived hyaluronan-coated vesicles and the expression of cytokines and other factors related in cancer-induced immune modulation were studied. The expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TSG-6, and PD-L1 was elevated in macrophages treated with HAS3 overexpressing melanoma cell-derived EVs (HAS3-MV3 EVs). HAS3-MV3 EVs also induced an elongated morphology in macrophages. Inhibiting TLR4 receptor decreased the cytokine expression induced by HAS3-MV3 EVs, suggesting TLR4-mediated activation. The results suggest a novel hyaluronan-related mechanism for the pro-tumorigenic differentiation of macrophages.
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