Cellular distribution and amounts of positive and negative RNA strands of enterovirus during an infection in vitro
Enterovirukset ovat pieniä vaipattomia viruksia, joilla on positiivinen RNAgenomi. Ihmisille infektiivisiä enteroviruksia tunnetaan yli sata erilaista, ja ne
voivat aiheuttaa monia tauteja normaalista flunssasta sydänlihastulehdukseen ja
aivokalvontulehdukseen. Enterovirusten elämänkierto tunnetaan melko hyvin,
mutta riittämättömien menetelmien takia niiden positiivisen RNA-genomin sekä
negatiivisten RNA-juosteiden jakaumaa ja määrää solussa infektion aikana ei
tunneta juurikaan. Viruslääkkeitä voitaisiin suunnitella estämään mitä tahansa
viruksen elämänkierron vaihetta, mutta tätä varten tarvitaan uusia tekniikoita
tutkia RNA-juosteita infektion aikana. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitimme branched
DNA in-situ fluoresenssi hybridisaatioon perustuvan uuden protokollan, ja
käytimme tätä metodia käänteistranskriptio – kvantitatiivisen PCR:n ohella
enterovirusten RNA-juosteiden jakauman ja määrän tutkimiseen infektion aikana.
Tulostemme mukaan viruksen positiivisen-, negatiivisen- sekä kaksoisjuosteisen
RNA:n määrä on lähes olematon ennen kolmea tuntia infektion jälkeen, ja niiden
määrä kasvaa huomattavasti 4-5 tuntiin infektion jälkeen. Positiivinen RNA on
jakautunut solun ulkoreunoille, kun taas negatiivinen ja kaksoisjuosteinen RNA on
lähempänä solun tumaa. RNA juosteet eivät lokalisoidu viruksen kapsidin tai solun
tuman kanssa. Testasimme myös kolmen eri viruslääkkeen vaikutusta RNAjuosteiden määrään ja jakaumaan solussa, ja tulostemme mukaan kaikki lääkkeet
estivät virusinfektion ja viruksen RNA-synteesin lähes kokonaan. Nämä tulokset,
kehittämämme protokollan ohella, auttavat tutkimaan enterovirusten
elämänkiertoa tehokkaammin ja kehittämään uusia mahdollisia viruslääkkeitä.
...
Enteroviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome.
Over a hundred different serotypes of enteroviruses can infect humans, and they can
cause a wide range of diseases from common colds to encephalitis and myocarditis.
The life cycle of enteroviruses is relatively well known, but the distribution of the
positive RNA genome and its complementary negative RNA strands during an
infection are unknown, mostly due to lacking techniques. Certain antiviral drugs
could target this step of the life cycle, inhibiting the synthesis of the negative strand
and stopping the infection, but to study this in more detail, new methods are required
to visualise the viral RNAs effectively. In this study, we developed a protocol to study
the enterovirus RNAs using branched DNA fluorescence in-situ hybridization. With
this method, along with reverse transcription quantitative PCR, we studied the
distribution and the amounts of enterovirus RNAs during an infection in vitro. The
results indicate that the amounts of positive-, negative- and double stranded RNAs
are negligible before 3 hours post-infection, and gradually rise after 4-5 hours postinfection. The positive RNA is located peripherally in the cell with the negative RNA
and double stranded RNA being located more centrally. Furthermore, the RNA
molecules reside in different locations than the viral capsid proteins and the cell
nuclei. We also tested the effect of three different antiviral drugs on the distribution
and amounts of viral RNAs, and the results show that all tested molecules effectively
inhibit the infection and the appearance of viral RNAs. These results, along with the
branched DNA protocol we established, will be useful in more efficiently studying
the life cycle of enteroviruses and in the development of antiviral drugs.
...
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