Weather fluctuation-induced constraints of adaptive coloration of the wood tiger moth
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2020Access restrictions
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Yksi värityksen tarkoitus on lämmönsäätely, mikä auttaa eliöitä sopeutumaan vaihteleviin ympäristöolosuhteisiin. Yhdistämällä pitkäaikainen seuranta-aineisto säätilan muutoksiin, voi auttaa meitä ymmärtämään lajin sopeutumispotentiaalia. Täpläsiilikäs (Arctia plantaginis) on laajalle levinnyt Holarktinen laji, jonka siipien väritys koostuu tumman eumelaniin ja vaaleamman pheomelaniinin yhdistelmästä. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelin Bogertin termomelanismihypoteesia, jonka mukaan tummempia yksilöitä tavataan kylmemmissä ympäristöissä. Tutkin 10 vuoden aikasarjaa luonnosta pyydettyjen aikuisten täpläsiilikkäiden värivaihtelussa 1000 kilometrin alueelta leveyspiirigradientin suuntaisesti Virosta, Etelä-, Keski- ja Pohjois-Suomeen. Selvitin siipien melanisaatiota ja liitin tämän sääaineistoon (lämpötilan, kosteus, sadanta) täpläsiilikkään eri elinkiertovaiheissa (aikuisuus, nuoret toukat, talvehdinta, suuret toukat) tarkastelemalla valokuva-aineistoa Beta-regressio mallien avulla. Tulokseni osoittavat, että sääolosuhteet vaikuttavat merkitsevästi siipien melanisaatioon. Lämpötila vaikutti negatiivisesti ja kosteus positiivisesti eumelaniin ilmenemiseen. Etusiipien melanisaatiossa havaittiin kasvava ja takasiivissä negatiivinen vuosittainen trendi. Eri elinkiertovaiheiden aikainen sää vaikutti eri tavoin aikuisten siipien ilmiasuun, mikä todennäköisesti rajoittaa suuntaavaa valintaa ja ylläpitää muuntelua siipien värityksessä. Näin ollen, sään aiheuttamat vastakkaiset valintapaineet siipien väritykseen voivat säilyttää eri elinkiertovaiheissa olevaa evolutiivista potentiaalia ja siten edesauttaa sopeutumista muuttuviin ympäristöolosuhteisiin.
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One adaptive role of coloration is thermoregulation, which can help organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Linking long-term monitoring of a species to weather data may therefore, help us to understand constraints of species’ adaptive potential via coloration. The wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) is a widespread Holarctic species and its wing coloration is a combination of dark eu- and paler pheomelanin deposition. In this study, I tested Bogert’s thermal melanism hypothesis, which states that higher melanism (i.e. darker appearance) is expected at higher latitudes and/or colder environments. In order to do this, I analyzed 10-year-long data of wild-collected adult wood tiger moths’ wings, across 1000 kilometers long latitudinal gradient from Estonia, South-, Central- to North Finland. I investigated the melanin deposition of wings using photographic data and linked this to weather data (temperature, humidity, precipitation) divided across different life cycle periods (adulthood, small larvae, overwintering and large larvae) using image analysis techniques and Beta Regression models. My results show that weather conditions have a significant effect on wing melanisation. Temperature had a decreasing and humidity an increasing effect on eumelanin deposition. Forewings showed an increasing and hindwings a decreasing trend over the years. Different life-history stages of moths induced divergent responses on adult phenotypes, which may constrain combined functions of adaptive coloration. This is important, because color-linked fitness functions may preserve evolutionary potential over time and thus, help populations to adapt to changing conditions in nature.
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