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Developing an Instrument for Measuring Health Literacy among School-aged Children

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JYU dissertations
Authors
Paakkari, Olli
Date
2020

 
Health literacy (HL) is an important determinant of health and health behaviours. The aim of this research was to develop a brief, comprehensive, and theory-based instrument for the measurement of subjective HL among school-aged children. A further aim was to examine the cross-national measurement invariance of this instrument in four European countries, i.e. Finland, Poland, Slovakia, and Belgium. The developmental process of the instrument was systematic, iterative, and validity- and reliability-driven. It involved 1) definition and elaboration of the construct, 2) choice of measurement method, 3) item generation, 4) a pilot study (N=401) including test-retest (N=117), and 5) field-testing, including construction of a brief instrument (N= 3853), and examination of the instrument’s international applicability (N=1468). All the samples were taken from pupils aged 13 and 15. Initially, 65 items were generated, of which 32 items were selected for the pilot study. After item reduction, the instrument contained 16 items. The test-retest showed high stability. For the field testing phase, a brief, 10-item instrument was constructed, referred to as Health Literacy for School-aged Children (HLSAC). The instrument, which exhibited a high Cronbach alpha (.93), and adequate fit with the data, included two items from each of five predetermined theoretical components (theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge, individual critical thinking, self-awareness, citizenship). In a cross-national measurement invariance examination, configural and metric invariance was established, but scalar invariance did not hold. Nevertheless, the HLSAC instrument’s internal consistency was high (α=.80–.90) and the fit with the data was adequate in each country. A comparison of health literacy mean values showed significant mean value differences between countries and age groups. Measurement of HL via reliable and valid instruments creates a basis for trustworthy assessment of HL levels and appropriate interventions. The HLSAC instrument is suitable for large-scale studies, and for use with children and adolescents. It constitutes a promising tool for subjective HL comparisons in the international context. ...
 
Terveyden lukutaito on tärkeä determinantti terveydelle ja terveyskäyttäytymiselle. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehittää lyhyt, moniulotteinen ja teoriaan perustuva mittari kouluikäisten lasten terveyden lukutaidon mittaamiseen. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli tutkia mittausinvarianssitestin avulla mittarin soveltuvuutta maiden väliseen vertailuun. Testi tehtiin neljässä Euroopan maassa (Suomi, Puola, Slovakia, Belgia). Mittarin kehittämisessä edettiin systemaattisesti ja huomioiden pätevyyteen ja luotettavuuteen liittyvät kysymykset. Kehitysprosessi sisälsi 1) terveyden lukutaidon käsitteellistämisen, 2) mittausmenetelmän valinnan, 3) väittämien luomisen, 4) pilottitutkimuksen (N=401) sisältäen toistomittauksen (N=117) sekä 5) mittarin viimeistelyn (N=3853) ja sen kansainvälisen toimivuuden tutkimisen (N=1468). Jokaisessa vaiheessa otos koostui 13- ja 15-vuotiaista oppilaista. Aluksi kehitettiin 65 väittämää, joista 32 valittiin pilottitutkimukseen. Analyysien perusteella väittämien määrä supistettiin 16:een. Pilottivaiheen toistomittaus osoitti korkeaa pysyvyyttä. Tämän jälkeen rakennettiin lyhyt 10 väittämää sisältävä mittari, jonka nimeksi tuli Health Literacy for School-aged Children (HLSAC). Mittarin sisäinen konsistenssi oli korkea (α=.93), malli sopi dataan asianmukaisesti ja se sisälsi kaksi väittämää seuraavista terveyden lukutaidon osa-alueista: teoreettiset tiedot, käytännön taidot, kriittinen ajattelu, itsetuntemus ja eettinen vastuullisuus. Neljän maan välisessä mittausinvarianssitestissä konfiguraalinen ja metrinen mittausinvarianssi todennettiin, mutta skalaarinen mittausinvarianssi ei toteutunut. Mittarin sisäinen konsistenssi oli korkea (α=.80–.90) ja malli sopi dataan asianmukaisesti jokaisessa maassa. Terveydenlukutaitoa osoittavien keskiarvojen vertailu maiden välillä osoitti merkittäviä keskiarvoeroja maiden ja ikäryhmien välillä. Pätevät ja luotettavat terveyden lukutaidon mittausmenetelmät luovat pohjan terveyden lukutaidon tasojen arvioinnille ja asianmukaisille interventioille. HLSAC mittari soveltuu laajamittaisiin tutkimuksiin lapsilla ja nuorilla, ja se on lupaava väline koetun terveydenlukutaidon vertailuun eri maiden välillä. ...
 
ISBN
978-951-39-8171-6
Contains publications
  • Artikkeli I: Paakkari, O., Torppa, M., Kannas, L., & Paakkari, L. (2016). Subjective health literacy : Development of a brief instrument for school-aged children. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 44 (8), 751-757. DOI: 10.1177/1403494816669639. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/52189.
  • Artikkeli II: Paakkari, O., Torppa, M., Villberg, J., Kannas, L., & Paakkari, L. (2018). Subjective health literacy among school-aged children. Health Education, 118 (2), 182-195. DOI: 10.1108/HE-02-2017-0014. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/56813.
  • Artikkeli III: Paakkari, O., Torppa, M., Boberova, Z., Välimaa, R., Maier, G., Mazur, J., . . . , & Paakkari, L. (2019). The cross-national measurement invariance of the health literacy for school-aged children (HLSAC) instrument. European Journal of Public Health, 29 (3), 432-436. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky229. JYX: jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/69946.
Keywords
terveystieto terveysosaaminen lukutaito terveyskäyttäytyminen henkilökohtainen terveydenhoito mittarit (mittaus) menetelmät toistettavuus mittaus lapset (ikäryhmät) kouluikäiset nuoret teini-ikäiset terveyskasvatus Suomi Puola Slovakia Belgia terveyden lukutaito health literacy measurement instrument school-aged children adolescent health education mittaaminen lapsi nuori young people health terveys
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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-8171-6

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  • Measuring Health Literacy in Childhood and Adolescence with the Scale Health Literacy in School-Aged Children – German Version : The Psychometric Properties of the German-Language Version of the WHO Health Survey Scale HLSAC 

    Fischer, Saskia M.; Dadaczynski, Kevin; Sudeck, Gorden; Rathmann, Katharina; Paakkari, Olli; Paakkari, Leena; Bilz, Ludwig; the HBSC Study Group Germany (Hogrefe Publishing Group, 2022)
    Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One ...
  • Translation and Validation of a Brief Health Literacy Instrument for School-Age Children in a Danish Context 

    Bonde, Ane H.; Stjernqvist, Nanna W.; Klinker, Charlotte D.; Maindal, Helle T.; Paakkari, Olli; Elsborg, Peter (SLACK, Inc., 2022)
    Low health literacy (HL) is associated with adverse health behaviors and poor health, and brief, high-quality instruments for measuring HL in children are scarce. The Health Literacy for School-Aged Children (HLSAC) ...
  • The cross-national measurement invariance of the health literacy for school-aged children (HLSAC) instrument 

    Paakkari, Olli; Torppa, Minna; Boberova, Zuzana; Välimaa, Raili; Maier, Gunter; Mazur, Joanna; Kannas, Lasse; Paakkari, Leena (Oxford University Press, 2019)
    Background Health literacy (HL) is an important determinant of health and health behaviours, and there is a need to monitor HL levels among all population groups. It is therefore essential to develop instruments to ...
  • Addressing health literacy in schools in the WHO European Region 

    Paakkari, Leena; Inchley, Jo; Schulz, Anette; Weber, Martin W.; Okan, Orkan (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2019)
    Health literacy is a key determinant of health (1). Several studies have reported a positive association between high levels of health literacy and better health outcomes in children (2-4). For example, the WHO collaborative ...
  • Subjective health literacy among school-aged children 

    Paakkari, Olli; Torppa, Minna; Villberg, Jari; Kannas, Lasse; Paakkari, Leena (Emerald, 2018)
    Purpose The aim of this study was to explore Finnish adolescents’ subjective health literacy (HL) in association to school achievement, learning difficulties, educational aspirations, and family affluence. Design/meth ...
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