The role of calpains in enterovirus infection
Enterovirukset ovat viruspeitteettömien, positiivisten RNA-virusten ryhmään kuuluva virusperhe, jonka jäsenet aiheuttamat mitä monituisimpia tauteja suu- ja sorkkataudista aina aivokalvontulehdukseen. Aikaisemmat tutkimustulokset ovat osoittaneet, että calpainien toiminnan hiljentäminen solussa estää enterovirusinfektion etenemisen ja uuden virus-RNA:n tuottamisen. Enterovirukset tuottavat proteiininsa yhteenliittyneenä polyproteiinissa, jonka viruksen proteaasit pilkkovat rakenteellisiksi ja toiminnallisiksi proteiineiksi. Tämän Pro Gradu –tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää millainen rooli calpaineilla on Echovirus 1 ja Coxsackievirus B3 –infektioissa. Erilaisten kokeiden avulla selvitettiin, missä vaiheessa infektiota calpainit ovat sille tärkeitä ja millä tavalla. Calpainien toiminnan estäminen ennen 120 minuutin aikapistettä esti sekä Echovirus 1, että Coxsackievirus B3 –infektion. Myös enterovirusinfektioille tyypilliset kalvomuutokset solussa estyivät, kun calpainien toiminta estettiin. Pilkkomakokeessa selvisi, että calpainit kykenevät pilkkomaan Coxsackievirus B1:n polyproteiinia. Kokonaisuudessaan nämä tulokset viittaavat siihen, että calpainien toiminta enterovirusten infektiossa tapahtuu viruksen sisäänmenon jälkeen, mutta ennen kalvojen uudelleenjärjestelyä ja RNA:n replikaatiota; calpainit mitä todennäköisimmin osallistuvat polyproteiinin pilkkomiseen.
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Enteroviruses are a group of non-enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses that cause a variety of diseases ranging from foot-and-mouth disease to meningitis. Previous studies have shown that the inhibition of calpains prevents the enterovirus infection after entry and RNA release into the cytoplasm. Upon protein translation enteroviruses produce a 250 kDa polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural viral proteins. These cleavages are performed by viral proteases. However, previous studies have shown that the inhibition of the cellular calpains inhibits the enterovirus RNA-replication. Aim of this study is to investigate the role of calpains in Echovirus 1 and Coxsackievirus B3 infections. An array of experiments was performed in order to determine the time window when calpains are required for the infection and to assess the possible mechanism they might have. The inhibition of calpains before 120 min post-infection inhibited both Echovirus 1 and Coxsackievirus B3 infection. The inhibition of calpains prevented the intracellular membrane modifications characteristic to enterovirus infection. In a cleavage experiment calpains were found capable of processing the Coxsackievirus B1 polyprotein. These results suggest that the role of calpains in the enterovirus infection is after entry but before membrane rearrangements and RNA replication, most likely in the polyprotein processing.
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