Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study
Laukkanen, T., Kunutsor, S. K., Khan, H., Willeit, P., Zaccardi, F., & Laukkanen, J. (2018). Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study. BMC Medicine, 16, Article 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1198-0
Julkaistu sarjassa
BMC MedicineTekijät
Päivämäärä
2018Tekijänoikeudet
© The Author(s), 2018.
Background: Previous evidence indicates that sauna bathing is related to a reduced risk of fatal cardiovascular
disease (CVD) events in men. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sauna habits and
CVD mortality in men and women, and whether adding information on sauna habits to conventional cardiovascular
risk factors is associated with improvement in prediction of CVD mortality risk.
Methods: Sauna bathing habits were assessed at baseline in a sample of 1688 participants (mean age 63; range
53–74 years), of whom 51.4% were women. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to investigate
the relationships of frequency and duration of sauna use with CVD mortality.
Results: A total of 181 fatal CVD events occurred during a median follow-up of 15.0 years (interquartile range, 14.
1–15.9). The risk of CVD mortality decreased linearly with increasing sauna sessions per week with no threshold
effect. In age- and sex-adjusted analysis, compared with participants who had one sauna bathing session per
week, HRs (95% CIs) for CVD mortality were 0.71 (0.52 to 0.98) and 0.30 (0.14 to 0.64) for participants with two to
three and four to seven sauna sessions per week, respectively. After adjustment for established CVD risk factors,
potential confounders including physical activity, socioeconomic status, and incident coronary heart disease, the
corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 0.75 (0.52 to 1.08) and 0.23 (0.08 to 0.65), respectively. The duration of sauna
use (minutes per week) was inversely associated with CVD mortality in a continuous manner. Addition of information
on sauna bathing frequency to a CVD mortality risk prediction model containing established risk factors was associated
with a C-index change (0.0091; P = 0.010), difference in − 2 log likelihood (P = 0.019), and categorical net reclassification
improvement (4.14%; P = 0.004).
Conclusions: Higher frequency and duration of sauna bathing are each strongly, inversely, and independently
associated with fatal CVD events in middle-aged to elderly males and females. The frequency of sauna bathing
improves the prediction of the long-term risk for CVD mortality
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Julkaisija
BioMed CentralISSN Hae Julkaisufoorumista
1741-7015Asiasanat
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https://converis.jyu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/28767424
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