Analysis of the therapeutical properties of a phage against Staphylococcus aureus pig isolates, and phage isolation against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospital waste waters
Antibioottiresistenttiys on kasvava ongelma, jonka selättämiseksi tarvitaan uusia keinoja. Prekliinisten tutkimustulosten perusteella bakteereja infektoivien virusten eli faagien on havaittu olevan hyvä vaihtoehto antibiooteille. Sairaalanäytteestä löydettyä metisilliinille resistenttiä Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -kantaa vastaan eristetty bakteriofagi karakterisoitiin sekvensoimalla ja läpäisyelektronimikroskoopilla, jotta sen mahdollista terapeuttista käyttöä voitaisiin selvittää. Faagilla havaittiin olevan keskikokoinen 43,098 bp:n pituinen genomi ja faagin morfologian perusteella se lukeutuu Siphoviridae-heimoon kuuluviin hännällisiin faageihin. Faagi puhdistettiin anioninvaihtokromatografian avulla, jotta puhdistusmenetelmän soveltuvuutta faagipartikkelien puhdistamiseen terapiakäyttöön voitaisiin arvioida. Lisäksi faagin infektiokykyä testattiin sikakantoihin. Sekvensointitulosten perusteella faagi lukeutuu elinkierroltaan lauhkeisiin (engl. temperate) faageihin, joten se ei ole sopiva käytettäväksi faagiterapiassa. Faagin havaittiin infektoivan heikosti sioista eristettyjä MRSA-kantoja, huolimatta sen laajakirjoisuudesta ihmiskantoja vastaan. Syy heikkoon infektiivisyyteen jäi epäselväksi. Faagin avulla saatiin kuitenkin tärkeää tietoa lauhkeiden faagien käyttäytymisestä ja anioninvaihtokromatografian tehokkuudesta faagien puhdistuksessa. Lopuksi kokeiltiin uuden faagin eristämistä sairaalajätevedestä sellaisia Pseudomonas aeruginosa kantoja vastaan, joille ei vielä ollut löytynyt yhtään faagia. Jätevedestä onnistuttiin löytämään faagi, joka infektoi jopa 63 % testatuista 43:sta bakteerikannasta. Infektiokyky testattiin myös seitsemältä ennalta eristetyiltä P. aeruginosa faagilta. Uuden faagin nimeksi annettiin fHoPae01 ja se talletettiin myöhempiä tutkimuksia varten.
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The increasing antibiotic resistance is proving to be a major issue and new methods for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria are desperately needed. Based on recent promising preclinical results, the therapeutic use of viruses that infect bacteria (phages) seems to be a good alternative for antibiotics. The therapeutic potential of a phage, which was obtained from an isolation attempt against human methillicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain isolated from a hospital sample, was tested against 54 strains of MRSA isolated from pigs. The phage was characterized using sequencing and transmission electron microscopy imaging to have intermediate sized 43,098 bp long genome and to belong to the tailed Siphoviridae family, respectively. The phage was purified using anion exchange chromatography for imaging purposes and to evaluate how the purification method affects small and delicate virus particles. Based on the sequencing data and sensitivity tests the phage could be classified as a lysogenic (temperate) phage that cannot be used as a therapy phage due to the risk of transferring resistance and virulence factors to the target bacterial strain. The phage showed decreased infection efficiency against the majority of the tested S. aureus strains isolated from pigs. The reason for the reduced infectivity is still under investigation. The laboratory tests done on the phage gave valuable information of the behavior and characteristics of temperate phages and of the viability of liquid chromatography based purifying of small virus particles for therapeutic use. Finally, the isolation of novel phage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, that were missing corresponding phages, was successfully performed from hospital waste water samples. The host range of the newly obtained phage fHoPae01 was tested against 43 P. aeruginosa strains together with seven preisolated phages. The results indicate that the novel phage was able to lyse almost 63 % of the target strains and it was stored to be studied further.
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