Genetically determined poor aerobic capacity is detrimental for flexible cognition
Monet tutkimukset osoittavat, että fyysisellä harjoittelulla on myönteisiä vaikutuksia sekä ihmisten että eläinten kognitiivisiin kykyihin, kuten oppimiseen. Erityisesti aerobisen kapasiteetin taustalla olevan geeniperimän on todettu vaikuttavan oppimiseen. On kuitenkin epäselvää, johtuuko tämä geeniperimän ja oppimisen välinen suhde siitä, että huono aerobinen kapasiteetti heikentää oppimista vai siitä, että hyvä aerobinen kapasiteetti tehostaa sitä. Tarkoituksenamme onkin selvittää, suoriutuvatko aerobisen kapasiteetin perusteella jalostetut hyväkuntoiset HCR (high capacity runner) rotat todella paremmin joustavan oppimisen tehtävässä kuin Sprague Dawley (S-D) rotat, joita ei ole jalostettu minkään erityisen kyvyn tai fenotyypin mukaan. Tutkimme myös, voiko huonolla kunnolla olla suurempi vaikutus oppimiseen, jolloin heikon aerobisen kapasiteetin perusteella jalostettujen LCR (low capacity runner) rottien oppiminen olisi merkitsevästi heikompaa kuin S-D ja HCR rottien oppiminen.
Tutkimusaineistoon kuului kahdeksan Sprague Dawley -rottaa, joille tehtiin erotteluoppimiseen pohjautuva discrimination-reversal -koe. Kokeen discrimination-vaiheen aikana rotille esitettiin kahta erilaista ääniärsykettä, joista toisen aikana rotta sai ruokaa ja toisen aikana ei. Reversal-vaiheessa äänien merkitykset käännettiin toisinpäin, jolloin rotan tuli oppia uusi sääntö ruoan saamiseksi. Tällä kokeella mitattiin rottien joustavaa oppimista. Saamiamme tuloksia verrattiin Wikgrenin ym. (2012) aikaisempaan tutkimukseen, jossa aerobisen kapasiteetin perusteella jalostettujen rottien oppimiskykyä tutkittiin edellä mainitulla kokeella.
Tulokset osoittivat, että S-D rotat suoriutuivat joustavan kognition tehtävästä yhtä hyvin kuin HCR rotat ja huomattavasti paremmin kuin LCR rotat. Tästä voidaan päätellä, että hyvä kunto ei aina takaa parempia oppimistuloksia, vaan näyttäisi siltä, että huonokuntoisuuden taustalla oleva geeniperimä aiheuttaa vaikeuksia joustavassa oppimisessa.
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Several studies have shown that physical exercise has positive impacts on both humans’ and animals’ cognitive abilities, such as learning. Especially the genome that underlies aerobic capacity has been found to have an effect on learning. However, it is unclear if the poor aerobic capacity impairs learning or if the good aerobic capacity enhances it. In this study we aim to find out if the HCR (high capacity runner) rats that have been selectively bred by their good aerobic capacity really perform better than Sprague Dawley (S-D) rats that have not been bred selectively for any special ability or phenotype. We also want to investigate if poor physical condition could affect learning. If this poor aerobic capacity has greater effect on learning than good aerobic capacity has the LCR (low capacity runner) rats that are selectively bred by their poor aerobic capacity learn significantly worse than the S-D and the HCR rats.
The data consisted of eight Sprague Dawley rats that participated in a discrimination-reversal experiment. In the discrimination phase two different auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) were presented to the rats. After one CS the rats received food while the other CS signaled nothing. In the reversal phase the meaning of the CSs was reversed and the rats were supposed to learn a new rule in order to get the food reward. With this experiment we measured rats’ flexible learning. We compared our results with Wikgren et al. (2012) study where the LCR and the HCR rats were trained in the same task.
Our results showed that the S-D rats’ performance profile resembled that of the HCR rats and that they were significantly better learners than the LCR rats in the flexible cognition task. It can be inferred from these results that good fitness does not always predict better learning outcomes. Instead, it seems that genome coding for poor physical fitness may have a detrimental impact on flexible learning.
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