Jumalan kasvot suomeksi : metaforisaatio ja erään uskonnollisen ilmauksen synty

Abstract

Maria Kelan tutkimusaiheena oli raamattusuomi, erityisesti Vanhan testamentin metaforiikka. Hän selvitti raamatunkäännösprosessissa tapahtuvaa metaforisaatiota ja valotti uskonnollisen ilmauksen syntyä kieleen. Kela vertaili metaforien käännösratkaisuja suomalaisissa Vanhan testamentin käännöksissä ja erityisesti Psalmien kirjassa. Aineistona olivat Agricolan Psalttari (1551), Biblia 1642, Biblia 1776, Vanha testamentti 1933 ja vuoden 1992 suomennoksen Vanha testamentti. Raamatunsuomennoksia hän vertasi ensisijaisesti hepreankieliseen alkutekstiin, mutta myös englannin-, saksan-, ruotsin-, norjan-, viron-, ranskan- ja latinankielisiin käännöksiin. Kelan mukaan raamatunkäännösten metaforaratkaisujen vertailu osoittaa, että sekä sananmukaisen kääntämisen perinteestä että moderniin käännöstieteeseen pohjautuvista raamatunkäännösteorioista puuttuu selkeä metaforatietoisuus.

The objective of this study is to reveal, how a religious expression is emerged through the process of metaphorisation in translated biblical language. The second objective is to compare the decisions made in translating metaphors in the Finnish Old Testament (OT) editions of 1551 (the Book of Psalms), 1642, 1771, 1933 and 1992 in relation to each other and to the Hebrew source text.The theoretical framework discusses two major schools of metaphor theory: the interaction view of metaphor and the cognitive metaphor theory. After elaboration these theories are proposed for combination into a third theoretical framework of metaphoric awareness. This third theoretical framework is extended by bringing in translation theories, a continuum of source text oriented (STO) and target language oriented (TLO) Bible translation principles.Clusters of metaphoric examples from the OT provide evidence that Bible translating approaches lack an incorporated and clearly articulated metaphoric awareness. This deficiency causes overtranslation in STO translations and undertranslation in TLO translations. This study introduces an anthropomorphic model as a solution for the lack of metaphoric awareness: The more corporal an image is, the more universally understandable it is. The less corporal an image is, the more cultural and contextual information is required.A focused corpus study is made on word פנים pānîm > kasvot ‘face’. The corpus includes all occurrences of pānîm in Hebrew Psalms of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia as well as all occurrences of kasvot in the main Finnish translations of the Book of Psalms (1551, 1642, 1776, 1933 and 1992). Several reference translations are consulted, e. g. Luther Bibel, King James Version, Jerusalem Bible, Today’s English Version, Norwegian Bibelen and Swedish Bibel 2000.In Finnish STO translations the grammaticalised pānîm-rooted adpositions are often re-lexicalised and metaphorised if they refer to God. This tendency appears strongest in the OT 1933. A religious expression Jumalan kasvojen edessä ‘before God’s face’ is emerged in the Psalms 1551 through metaphorisation and it is expanded in the OT 1933. The Finnish OT 1992 follows the line of other TLO translations in de-metaphorisation, but not slavishly