The ecosystem effects of kelp harvesting in the northeast Atlantic
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2022Copyright
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Kelppilevämetsät ovat erittäin monimuotoisia kylmien rannikkovesien ekosysteemejä. Kelppilevämetsät tarjoavat monia ekosysteemipalveluita: ne esimerkiksi suojaavat rantoja eroosiolta, ovat tärkeitä perustuotannossa ja luovat elinympäristön monille muille lajeille. Kelppilevien kolmiulotteinen rakenne tarjoaa suojaa kelppilevämetsissä eläville lajeille ja auttaa niiden selviytymisessä. Kelppilevää on kerätty mekaanisesti jo yli viidenkymmenen vuoden ajan ja keruu tehdään usein viiden vuoden jaksoissa. Aiemmat tutkimukset kelppilevän keruusta ovat osoittaneet, että kelppileväbiomassa palautuu neljässä vuodessa, mutta keruun vaikutuksia kelppilevämetsän ekosysteemiin on tutkittu vähemmän. Turska (Gadus morhua) ja hummeri (Homarus gammarus) ovat kaupallisesti tärkeitä lajeja, jotka käyttävät kelppilevämetsiä elinympäristönä. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että elinympäristön moniulotteisuus voi parantaa nuorten kalojen selviytymistä. Tässä tutkimuksessa parametrisoimme allometrisen ekosysteemimallin Koillis-Atlantin kelppilevämetsälle ja tutkimme ei-trofista vuorovaikutusta kelppilevän ja turskan sekä kelppilevän ja hummerin välillä. Kelppilevän keruuta simuloitiin mallissa 1-, 4- tai 8-vuoden välein siten, että kelppileväbiomassaa poistettiin kasvukauden lopussa 20 tai 80 prosenttia kelpin kokonaisbiomassasta. Havaitsimme, että kelppileväbiomassa palautui, kun palautumisaika oli neljä tai kahdeksan vuotta, mutta kelppileväbiomassa ei palautunut, kun keruu tapahtui joka vuosi. Kelpinsyöjien biomassojen muutokset olivat lajikohtaisia. Osa lajien biomassoista väheni, osa palautui ja osa kasvoi. 0- ja 4+-vuotiaan turskan sekä hummerin biomassat vähenivät, kun palautumisaika oli yksi tai neljä vuotta, ja muutos oli suurin, kun kelppiä poistettiin 80% kelpin kokonaisbiomassasta. Kelpin ja turskan sekä kelpin ja hummerin välinen ei-trofinen vuorovaikutus aiheutti turskan ja hummerin biomassojen heilahtelua sekä voimisti kelpin keruun vaikutusta lajeihin. Tulokset osoittavat, että kelppilevien keruulla voi olla vaikutuksia muihin ekosysteemin lajeihin elinympäristön menetyksen ja ravintoverkon dynamiikan muutosten kautta.
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Kelp forests are highly diverse and productive ecosystems in cold, coastal waters around the world. Kelp forests are important for primary production, coastline protection and providing habitat for many species. The three-dimensional structure of kelp can provide shelter and help the survival of other species living in kelp forests. Kelp has been mechanically harvested for over 50 years with a 5-year harvesting cycle. Previous studies on kelp harvesting show kelp recovery in four years after harvesting, but the recovery of other species inhabiting kelp forests is poorly understood. The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) are commercially important species that use kelp forests as a habitat. Previous studies have shown that habitat complexity can enhance juvenile fish survival. In the present study we parametrized an allometric trophic network (ATN) model for a northeast Atlantic kelp forest and designed a non-trophic interaction between kelp and juvenile Atlantic cod, and kelp and European lobster. Kelp harvesting was simulated by removing 20% or 80% of kelp biomass at the end of the growth season, and the harvesting events were carried out at 1-, 4-, or 8-year intervals through the harvesting period of 50 years. The biomass changes of kelp, kelp consumers, and the Atlantic cod and the European lobster were explored. We found that kelp biomass recovered with harvesting intervals of 4 and 8 years when 20% or 80% of kelp was removed, but kelp biomass did not recover with either harvesting intensity when kelp was harvested every year. The biomasses of kelp consumers declined, recovered, or increased during the harvesting period, depending on the species. The biomasses of the Atlantic cod age groups 0 and 4+ and the biomass of the European lobster declined with harvesting intervals of 1 and 4 years, and the decline was largest when harvesting intensity was 80%. The non-trophic interaction of kelp cover added to the Atlantic cod and to the European lobster increased the oscillations of the biomasses and the effect of the kelp harvesting on Atlantic cod and European lobster. These results show that the effect of kelp harvesting can impact the wider ecosystem through declining biomass and population fluctuations and indicate that the recovery of kelp associated species may not follow the recovery of kelp.
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