Quantifying the transport properties of quark-gluon plasma through measurement of higher harmonic flow and their non-linear response
The elusive goal of heavy-ion physics is to understand the transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), the form of nuclear matter at extreme temperatures, that prevailed in the first few microseconds after the Big Bang. Transport coefficients, such as the temperature dependent specific shear viscosity η/sand specific bulk viscosity ζ/s, can be constrained with the help of flow measurements. The higher harmonic flow observables and their non-linear responses to the initial state anisotropy have shown compelling potential to constrain the transport properties due to their high sensitivity to various stages of heavy-ion collisions. In this thesis, the measurements of higher harmonic flow up to the ninth order, and their non-linear flow modes up to the seventh harmonic in Pb–Pb collisions with ALICE at CERN-LHC are presented. These measurements are utilized in a Bayesian analysis to constrain the QGP properties and initial conditions of such collisions. In addition, the sensitivities of the high harmonic flow observables to various model parameters are quantified for the first time. This work suggests that a more dynamical picture of the initial conditions is needed to improve the understanding of the uncertainties of the extracted QGP properties or the model building blocks.
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Raskasionifysiikan tavoitteena on ymmärtää kvarkki-gluoniplasman (QGP), aikaisen maailmankaikkeuden ensihetkiä vallinneen ydinaineen äärimmäisen lämpötilan olomuodon kuljetusominaisuksia. Kuljetuskertoimia, kuten lämpötilasta riippuva omi-naisleikkausviskositeetti η/s sekä ominaisbulkkiviskositeetti ζ/s, voidaan rajata flow-mittausten avulla. Korkeamman kertaluvun harmoniset flow-observaabelit sekä näiden epälineaarinen vaste alkutilan anisotrooppisuuteen ovat osoittaneet tehokkuutta kuljetuskertoimien rajaamiseksi johtuen observaabelien korkeasta herkkyydestä raskas ionitörmäyksen eri vaiheisiin. Tämä työ esittää korkeamman harmonisen flow:n mittaukset yhdeksänteen kertaluokkaan, sekä näiden epälineaariset moodit seitsemänteen kertaluokkaan Pb–Pbtörmäyksissä ALICE-kokeessa CERN-LHC:lla. Mittauksia hyödynnetään Bayesian analyysissa QGP:n ominaisuuksien sekä törmäyksien alkutilan rajaamiseksi. Tämän yhteydessä kvantifioidaan korkeamman harmonisen flow-observaabelien herkkyyshydrodynaamisen mallin eri parametreihin. Työn tulokset viittaavat dynaamisen alkutilamallin tarpeeseen QGP:n ominaisuuksien tai mallien parametrien epävarmuuksien ymmärtämiseksi.
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ISBN
978-951-39-8932-3ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003Contains publications
- Artikkeli I: ALICE collaboration. (2020). Higher harmonic non-linear flow modes of charged hadrons in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(5), Article 85. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP05(2020)085
- Artikkeli II: Parkkila, J. E., Onnerstad, A., and Kim, D. J. (2021). Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma with additional flow harmonic observables. Physical Review C 104, 054904. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.104.054904
- Artikkeli III: ALICE collaboration. (2021). Long- and short-range correlations and their event-scale dependence in high-multiplicity pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2021(5), Article 290. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP05(2021)290
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