Influence of colour, smell and taste on the survival of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) adults during predation event
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2021Copyright
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Saalistajien torjumiseksi saalis voi käyttää erilaisia puolustusmekanismeja, jotka stimuloivat useita eri aisteja (ts. multimodaalista signalointia). Esimerkiksi aposemaattiset eliöt puolustautuvat varoitussignaalin lisäksi sekundaarisella puolustuksella. Tässä tutkimuksessa keskityttiin siihen, kuinka täpläsiilikkään (Arctia plantaginis) väritys (genotyypit WW, Wy ovat valkoisia ja yy keltaisia), haju (metoksipyratsiinista) ja maku (pyrrolitsidiinialkaloidista) toimivat puolustuksena lintusaalistajien hyökkäyksiä vastaan. Linnuille tarjottiin kummankin värisiä eläviä siilikkäitä, joita oli manipuloitu niin, että niillä oli joko hajua, makua tai molempia näistä. Näin pystyttiin tutkimaan kuinka väritys, haju ja maku vuorovaikuttavat saalistustapahtumassa. Linnut lähestyivät hitaimmin valkoisia siilikkäitä, joilla oli pahaa hajua, ja myös pudottivat niitä useimmin. Maku yksinään ei torjunut lintuja, ja linnut söivät siilikkäästä vähemmän vain silloin, kun hajua esiintyi maun kanssa. Parhaimmat mahdollisuudet selvitä hengissä oli valkoisilla siilikkäillä, joilla oli sekä pahaa hajua että makua. Kun valkoisten siilikkäiden puolustustehokkuutta tutkittiin tarkemmin, heterotsygoottisten siilikkäiden hajun havaittiin olevan tehokkainta lähestymisajan pidentämiseen ja saaliin nopeampaan pudottamiseen, mikä voi auttaa selittämään tämän lajin polymorfismia. Nämä tulokset osoittavat, että multimodaalisuus parantaa saaliin selviytymistä saalistajaa vastaan suojaamalla saalista koko hyökkäyksen ajan. Julkaistu artikkeli: Front. Ecol. Evol., 16 August 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.657740
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To ward off predators prey may use defences that stimulate multiple sensory modalities (i.e., multimodal signalling). For example aposematic organisms are defended against predators with a warning signal combined with a secondary defence. This study focused on how the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) colour (genotypes WW and Wy are white and yy is yellow), smell (from methoxypyrazines) and taste (from pyrrolizidine alkaloids) deter bird predators. Live moths of both colours, that were manipulated to have each chemical defence alone or in combination, were offered to birds to test how visual warning signals, smell and taste, interact through the predation event. White coloured moths with methoxypyrazine smell had the strongest effect on delaying the approach latency and increasing the number of times the bird dropped the moth. Taste alone did not deter birds and birds reduced the amount eaten only when smell was present in combination with taste. Overall, moths that had white hindwings, and had both smell and bad taste, had the best chance of survival. When defence efficacy of the white moths was explored in closer detail, heterozygous moths were found to have the most effective neck fluids (smell) in terms of delaying approach latency and reducing the drop latency of predators, which can help to explain the polymorphism in this species. These results indicate that multimodality improves prey anti-predator defence by providing protection throughout the attack. Published article: Front. Ecol. Evol., 16 August 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.657740
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