Maternal care and reproductive tactics in shield bugs
Julkaistu sarjassa
Biological Research Reports from the University of JyväskyläTekijät
Päivämäärä
1994Parental care is an important life-history tactic in many species of Heteroptera. In Finland there are three Elasmucha (Heteroptera; Acanthosomatidae) species all of which show maternal care. These bugs lay different numbers of eggs in tight clusters and after egg laying females stay over their clutches and protect them against predators. Egg survival without maternal care is close to zero. Among Elasmucha species, females have different tactics in terms of egg size, egg number and duration of parental care. E. ferrugata laid few large eggs which developed rapidly and duration of maternal care was short. In addition, females allocated more resources to the offspring in the center of the clutch, where predation risk is lowest. E. ferrugata was the only species which could lay a second clutch after a successful first brood. E. grisea laid many small eggs with a long development time from egg to adult. Thus, E. grisea guarded their clutches relatively long and were not able to lay another clutch. Female ability to defend a clutch is limited by the clutch area she is able to cover. Small females guarding experimentally enlarged clutches lost significantly more eggs than large females guarding small clutches. Small females did not get any benefits from extra eggs they were guarding and thus, each female seemed to lay an optimal clutch size as determined by her defending ability. Parent bugs selected their host birch in relation to its safety from any predators, and thus they enhanced greatly survival of progeny. Parent bug females sometimes guard their clutches jointly on the same birch tree. Joint guarding was clearly advantageous in the experiment where it was compared to single guarding. Females that jointly guarded their clutches lost fewer eggs to predators than single females.
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ISBN
978-951-39-8406-9Julkaisuun sisältyy osajulkaisuja
- Artikkeli I: Kaitala, A. & Mappes, J. (1997). Parental care and reproductive trade-offs in shield bugs. Oikos, 80(1), 3-7. Full text
- Artikkeli II: Mappes, J. & Kaitala, A. (1994). Experiments with Elasmucha grisea (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae): does a female parent bug lay as many eggs as she can defend? Behavioral Ecology, 3, 314-317. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/5.3.314
- Artikkeli III: Mappes, J. & Mappes, T. (1997). Unequal maternal investment in offspring quality in relation to predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology, 11, 237-243. DOI: 10.1023/A:1018408201713
- Artikkeli IV: Mappes, J. & Kaitala, A. (1995). Host-plant selection and predation risk on offspring in the parent bug. Ecology, 76(8), 2668-2670. DOI: 10.2307/2265839
- Artikkeli V: Mappes, J., Kaitala, A. & Alatalo, R.V. (1995). Joint brood guarding in parent bugs - an experiment on defence against predation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36, 343–347. DOI: 10.1007/BF00167795
- Artikkeli VI: Mappes, J. (1994). Parasites and Female Ability to Defend Offspring in the Parent Bug Elasmucha grisea. Ethology, 97(1‐2), 76 - 80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01030.x
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