Biomechanics in cross-country skiing skating technique and measurement techniques of force production
Requirements of a successful skier have changed during last decades due to e.g.
changes in race forms and developments of equipment. The purpose of this thesis
was to clarify in four Articles (I-IV) what are the requests modern skate skiing
sets for the athletes in a biomechanical point of view. Firstly, it was explained
how skiers control speed from low to maximal speeds (I). Secondly, the
effects of long simulated ski race were determined with traditional force measurement
methods (III) as well as with novel propulsion methods (IV). During
the work process a need for updated multi-dimensional leg force sensor appeared
and it was materialized (II). During the thesis 16 national level athletes
participated in the different experiments of the study. Measurements for controlling
speed were carried out with 3D force sensor for legs and pole force sensor
for arms. Conventional cycle, force and joint kinematic parameters were
analysed (I). After, a need for reliable force sensor appeared especially for anterior-
posterior forces. Two 2D force binding sensors (Skate binding: vertical and
medio-lateral directions and Classic binding: vertical and anterior-posterior directions)
were designed and built. Validation was done in different temperatures
and mechanical stress situations as well as in diverse normal and sport
specific jumping situations and skiing with both techniques (II). Effects of simulated
ski skating race (20 km) on athletes’ performance were analysed by direct
force measurements from legs with updated force binding and from arms with
pole force sensors. In addition, EMG and cycle definitions were conducted (III).
Novel analysing method for propulsion was tested on the same data using additional
3D movement analysis (IV). Skiers control their speed during V2-
skating with cycle length and cycle rate while length is dominant with lower
speeds and rate governs with higher speeds. Force production of the arms and
legs with increasing speeds is aided by vertical oscillation of COM (I). New
force binding system was verified to be valid for skate skiing while some improvements
were needed for classic binding (II). Effects of long simulated race
were detected with slower skiing speed at the end of race caused by lower EMG
activity and force production as indications of fatigue (III). Propulsion analyses
gave new insights on athlete diagnostics by revealing the decrement of force
production especially with legs which was overlooked with traditional analysing
methods (IV).
Keywords: cross-country skiing, speed adaptation, force measurement, fatigue,
propulsion
...
Publisher
Jyväskylän yliopistoISBN
978-951-39-7797-9ISSN Search the Publication Forum
2489-9003Contains publications
- Artikkeli I: Ohtonen, O., Linnamo, V., & Lindinger, S. J. (2016). Speed control of the V2 skating technique in elite cross-country skiers. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 11 (2), 219-230. DOI: 10.1177/1747954116637156
- Artikkeli II: Ohtonen, O., Lindinger, S., Lemmettylä, T., Seppälä, S., & Linnamo, V. (2013). Validation of portable 2D force binding systems for cross-country skiing. Sports Engineering, 16 (4), 281-296. DOI: 10.1007/s12283-013-0136-9
- Artikkeli III: Ohtonen, O., Lindinger, S. J., Göpfert, C., Rapp, W., & Linnamo, V. (2018). Changes in biomechanics of skiing at maximal velocity caused by simulated 20 km skiing race using V2 skating technique. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 28 (2), 479-486. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12913
- Artikkeli IV: Ohtonen, O., Linnamo, V., Göpfert, C., & Lindinger, S.J. Effect of 20 km simulated race load on propulsive forces during ski skating. Submitted to International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 29.4.2019
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