Short-term and subchronic phytotoxicity of low-weight carboxylic acids and their mixtures
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2014Kompostia käytetään maaparannusaineena tai kasvualustan osana. Hajoava kompostiaines ja mädätysjäännös sisältävät kuitenkin lyhytketjuisia karboksyylihappoja, jotka ovat kasveille haitallisia. Karboksyylihapot kuitenkin hajoavat kompostimassasta sen stabiloituessa, joten niiden pitoisuudet ovat kompostin kypsymisen indikaattoreita.
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia muurahais-, etikka- ja propionihapon fytotoksisuutta yksistään ja kahden tai kolmen hapon seoksissa. Testilajit olivat krassi (Lepidium sativum) ja raiheinä (Lolium multiflorium) ja vasteena itävyys, itujen pituus lyhytkestoisessa itävyyskokeessa (krassi 48 h ja raiheinä 72 h) sekä kasvien itävyys (7 vrk ja 21 vrk) ja painoon pitempiaikaisessa kasvatuskokeessa (21 vrk).
Annos-vaste suhteet ja EC50 arvot mallinnettiin kolmiparametrisen log-logistisen mallia kayttäen. Happojen seosvaikutukset arvioitiin additive index-menetelmän avulla.
Muurahais-, etikka- ja propionihapolle määriteltiin EC50-, EC10- ja EC90-arvot krassille ja raiheinälle useille vasteille. Additive index arvojen perusteella voidaan päätellä, että näiden happojen kasvitoksisuus on summautuvaa tai antagonistista. Saatuja EC-arvoja voidaan soveltaa hyötykäytettävien massojen kasvitoksisuuden arviointiin.
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Presence of low-weight carboxylic acids (LWCA) in immature composts and anaerobically digested wastewater sludges is well established. When concentrations are high, phytotoxicity of the materials is exhibited, which hinders application of composts in agriculture or horticulture. Although there have been research concerning toxicity of individual LWCA, the mixture aspect has been poorly studied.
The research was aimed to study the toxicity of three LWCA, formic, acetic and propionic acids, to garden cress (Lepidium sativum) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium). Test procedure consisted of short-term germination assays (48 h for cress and 72 h for ryegrass) and subchronic growth assays (21 d). The responses recorded in the assays were germination and shoot length in short-term assay and germination (7d and 21d) and biomass of the plants. The acids were tested individually as well as binary and trinary mixtures.
Dose-response relationships and EC values were modeled using three-parametric log-logistic model. Toxicity of the mixtures was evaluated using additive index method utilizing test concentrations in toxic units. Index vales were used to judge whether the toxicity of studied LWCA is simply additive, less than additive or greater than additive.
In the study EC10, EC50, and EC90 values were generated for cress and ryegrass that can be used for assessing toxicity of composts or digestates. According to the additive index values the mixture toxicity of the LWCA was either additive or less than additive.
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