The dynamics of musical expectancy : cross-cultural and statistical approaches to melodic expectations
Tuomas Eerola tutki väitöskirjassaan musiikillisten odotusten yhteisiä hahmotusperiaatteita musiikkipsykologian näkökulmasta. Hän selvitti, mikä osa odotuksista on kuulijoille yhteisiä, eli musiikillisista kokemuksista riippumattomia, mikä osa puolestaan syntyy musiikillisen oppimisen tuloksena.Väitöskirja pohjautuu kuuteen erilliseen kokeelliseen asetelmaan perustuvaan tutkimukseen, joissa melodioiden synnyttämiä odotuksia tutkittiin neljän eri kulttuuripiirin musiikilla: pohjoissaamelaisilla joiuilla, Länsi-Suomen rukoilevaisten hengellisillä sävelmillä, keskieurooppalaisilla kansansävelmillä sekä eteläafrikkalaisilla kansanlauluilla. Myös koehenkilöt olivat peräisin näistä edellä mainituista kulttuuripiireistä poiketen toisistaan lisäksi vielä tutkittujen musiikkityylien tuntemuksen osalta. Menetelmänä käytettiin koetinsävelasetelmaa, melodioiden hahmottamisen vaikeuden arviointia, melodioiden samanlaisuuden vertailua sekä odotusten jatkuvaa arviointia. Melodic expectancy is a field of research that provides ways to understand the processes and knowledge people use in structuring, interpreting, remembering and performing music. Expectancy encapsulates the temporal nature of music, in which pitch and temporal patterns create dynamically changing expectations for ensuing events. Central issues included evaluation of the expectation models and their dependence on data-driven and schema-driven processes, assessment of melodic complexity and similarity and the development of a dynamic approach to measuring and modelling expectancy.Cross-cultural comparisons were conducted to explore the role of data-driven and schema-driven knowledge in the formation of melodic expectations by using probe-tone experiments and predictability ratings. The musical excerpts consisted of Finnish spiritual folk hymns, North Sami yoiks, European folk melodies and African folk songs. Participant groups varied in their familiarity with the musical styles in question and consisted of Sami, Finnish, Central European and South African musicians. The contribution of data-driven musical properties towards melodic similarity and continuous predictability ratings were also investigated. The results support the view that music draws on common psychological principles of expectation, but that cultural background and stylistic knowledge shape the contribution of these principles. A range of data-driven principles of expectations explained the responses of all groups, although the responses of non-experts more closely reflected event-frequency models and Narmour's implication-realization model (1990) whereas the experts' responses exhibited reliance on schema-driven and style-specific models. Moreover, frequency-based melodic features accounted for a proportion of listeners' similarity ratings and a dynamic model combining data-driven and schema-driven melodic information was able to account for listeners' continuous ratings of melodic predictability.
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Jyväskylän yliopistoISBN
951-39-1655-3ISSN Hae Julkaisufoorumista
1459-4331Asiasanat
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- Väitöskirjat [3599]
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