Kirjanpainajan (Ips typographus) tuhokohteiden etäisyys luonnonsuojelualueisiin Etelä-Suomen alueella
Abstract
Ilmastonmuutos nostaa maapallon keskilämpötilaa ja yhdessä luontokadon
kanssa ne aiheuttavat boreaalisille metsille kasvavaa stressiä heikentäen metsien
puolustuskykyä ja lisäten tuhoja. Kaarnakuoriaisista kirjanpainaja (Ips
typographus) aiheuttaa suurinta tuhoa Euroopassa ja Suomessa käyttäen
lisääntymisresurssinaan pääasiassa suuria heikentyneitä kuusia. Sen
aiheuttamilla tuhoilla on merkittäviä taloudellisia, ekologisia ja sosiaalisia
vaikutuksia. Toisaalta kirjanpainajalla on myös metsien monimuotoisuutta
lisäävä vaikutus. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkittiin paikkatietoanalyysien avulla
sijoittuvatko luonnonsuojelualueet keskimäärin lähemmäs vai kauemmas
kirjanpainajan tuhokohteista kuin talousmetsiä edustavat satunnaisesti valitut
kontrollikohteet vuosina 2012–2022 Etelä-Suomen alueella. Tuhoetäisyydestä
tehtiin kolme analyysia, joista ensimmäisessä kuusikoiksi määriteltiin
metsäalueet, joissa kuusen keskitilavuus oli vähintään 26 m3/ha, toisessa
75 m3/ha ja kolmannessa 120 m3/ha. Analyysit toistettiin kahdella
kirjanpainajan esiintymisalueella, ydin- ja leviämisalueella. Lisäksi tutkittiin,
eroaako kohteiden tai esiintymisalueiden puusto toisistaan, selittäen tuhomääriä
tai -etäisyyksiä. Analyysit toteutettiin niin ikään samoille kuusen
vähimmäistilavuuksille molemmilla kirjanpainajan esiintymisalueilla.
Etäisyydet tuhokohteilta luonnonsuojelualueille ja kontrollikohteille olivat
kaikilla kuusen vähimmäistilavuuksilla keskimäärin pitempiä kuin voisi olettaa,
jos tuho johtuisi kirjanpainajan leviämisestä juuri näiltä kohteilta.
Luonnonsuojelualueiden ja kontrollikohteiden etäisyyksien keskinäinen järjestys
kuitenkin vaihteli eri tilavuuskriteerien mukaan. Etäisyydet tosin kasvoivat
edelleen kuusen tilavuuskriteeriä nostettaessa, jonka vuoksi testeissä keskityttiin
pääasiassa kuusen pienimpään vähimmäistilavuuteen. Tällä kuusen
vähimmäistilavuudella luonnonsuojelualueet sijoittuivat kontrollikohteita
kauemmaksi tuhokohteista, eikä kohdetyyppien välillä myöskään havaittu
sellaista eroa puustossa, joka yksiselitteisesti selittäisi tuhoja. Tämän tutkielman
perusteella luonnonsuojelualueiden ei voida katsoa nostavan keskimääräistä
kirjanpainajan tuhoriskiä ympäröivissä talousmetsissä.
Climate change increases the global average temperature and together with habitat loss causes increasing stress to boreal forests. This weakens tree defence capability and increases damages giving benefits to insect pests and leading to their increasing frequency and distribution. The European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) is causing significant damage to spruce forests both in Europe and in Finland, and has ecological, economic and social effects. I. typographus uses mainly large, weakened spruces as a reproductive material and benefits from warm conditions. As a key species I. typographus also increases biodiversity. In this thesis, using Geographic Information System (GIS), I studied whether nature reserves are distributed closer to or further from the declared I. typographus damage sites between 2012-2022 than randomly selected control sites in Southern Finland. Three distance analyses with spruce minimum volumes of 26/75/120 m3/ha were made. The analyses were repeated in two I. typographus occurrence areas, core and invasion front. In addition, the stand volumes were analysed between both target sites and occurrence areas with these three minimum spruce volumes to study, whether they could explain the damage. The average distances from the I. typographus damaged sites to the nearest nature reserves and control sites were longer than could be presumed, if I. typographus would have dispersed from these sites. However, with different spruce volumes the mutual order between nature reserves and control sites varied as the distances still increased along with the minimum spruce volumes. Because of this, testing focused on the lowest spruce volume. With this spruce volume, the nature reserves were further away from the I. typographus damaged sites than the control sites. With the stand volumes no such differences between the nature reserves and the control sites were observed that could unequivocally explain the damages. Based on this thesis, nature reserves cannot be considered as a general risk to the surrounding economic forests concerning damages by I. typographus.
Climate change increases the global average temperature and together with habitat loss causes increasing stress to boreal forests. This weakens tree defence capability and increases damages giving benefits to insect pests and leading to their increasing frequency and distribution. The European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) is causing significant damage to spruce forests both in Europe and in Finland, and has ecological, economic and social effects. I. typographus uses mainly large, weakened spruces as a reproductive material and benefits from warm conditions. As a key species I. typographus also increases biodiversity. In this thesis, using Geographic Information System (GIS), I studied whether nature reserves are distributed closer to or further from the declared I. typographus damage sites between 2012-2022 than randomly selected control sites in Southern Finland. Three distance analyses with spruce minimum volumes of 26/75/120 m3/ha were made. The analyses were repeated in two I. typographus occurrence areas, core and invasion front. In addition, the stand volumes were analysed between both target sites and occurrence areas with these three minimum spruce volumes to study, whether they could explain the damage. The average distances from the I. typographus damaged sites to the nearest nature reserves and control sites were longer than could be presumed, if I. typographus would have dispersed from these sites. However, with different spruce volumes the mutual order between nature reserves and control sites varied as the distances still increased along with the minimum spruce volumes. Because of this, testing focused on the lowest spruce volume. With this spruce volume, the nature reserves were further away from the I. typographus damaged sites than the control sites. With the stand volumes no such differences between the nature reserves and the control sites were observed that could unequivocally explain the damages. Based on this thesis, nature reserves cannot be considered as a general risk to the surrounding economic forests concerning damages by I. typographus.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2024
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202408225614Use this for linking
Language
Finnish
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