Association between microbiota community diversity and metabolite diversity : bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) inhabiting the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone as a model
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2024Copyright
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Ionisoivalla säteilylle altistuminen voi aiheuttaa soluvaurioita ja siten vaikuttaa isännän terveyteen, kuten muuttamalla suolistomikrobistoa. Metsämyyrä (Clethrionomys glareolus) on uudelleen asuttanut Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) -aluetta tapahtuneen ydinvoimalaonnettomuuden jälkeen, mikä tarjoaa ainutlaatuisen mahdollisuuden tutkia kroonisen pieniannoksisen säteilyn pitkäaikaisia biologisia vaikutuksia. On olemassa tutkimuksia, jotka osoittavat, että suurille säteilyannoksille altistuneiden metsämyyrien suolistomikrobisto on muuttunut. Ei kuitenkaan tiedetä, vaikuttaako nämä suolistomikrobiston muutokset isännän terveyteen muuttamalla suolistomikrobistojen tuottamia metaboliitteja. Esimerkiksi, mitä läheisempää sukua mikrobit ovat toisilleen, sitä samankaltaisemmat ovat niiden isännälle tarjoamat hyödyt, kuten metaboliittien tuotanto. Asian tutkimiseksi metsämyyrien ulostenäytteitä kerättiin saastuneilta alueilta CEZ:ssä sekä saastumattomilta alueilta CEZ:n ja Kiovan läheltä. Näytteet sekä niiden mikrobi että metaboliitti koostumukset kerättiin osana Earth Microbiome 500 -projektia. Lyhyesti, mikrobiota tunnistettiin käyttämällä 16S rRNA v4 amplikoni sekvensointia, saatu data käsiteltiin QIIME2:lla ja analysointi suoritettiin PHYLOSEQ ja VEGAN ohjelmapaketeilla. Metaboliitit määriteltiin kohdistamattomalla metabolomiikalla (ultra-korkean suorituskyvyn nestekromatografia yhdistettynä massaspektrometriin), saatu data käsiteltiin MZmine ohjelmalla ja analysointi suoritettiin PHYLOSEQ ja VEGAN ohjelmapaketeilla. Havaitsin, että (1) säteily vaikutti suolistomikrobiston alfa ja beeta diversiteetteihin, mutta ei metaboliittien ja (2) näillä muutoksilla ei ollut assosiaatiota keskenään. Nämä tulokset vahvistivat aikaisempien tutkimusten tuloksia sekä havainnollistivat suolistomikrobiston ja metaboliittien välistä kompleksia suhdetta.
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Exposure to excess ionising radiation can cause cellular damage and thus affect organism health. Bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) inhabiting the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) may be exposed to elevated levels of radiation due to the presence of radionuclides in the environment following the accident in the nuclear power plant. One of the reported impacts of exposure to high dose of radiation is a change in the composition of the gut microbiota. Whether this change alters the metabolites is not known. For example, many gut microbes could perform similar functions, in which case the alteration of the microbiota may not have a notable effect on the services provided to the host, e.g. metabolite production. Addressing this knowledge gap, bank vole faecal samples were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated areas within the CEZ and uncontaminated areas outside the CEZ and near Kyiv. The microbiota and metabolite composition of all samples was collected as part of the Earth Microbiome 500 project. Briefly, the microbiota were characterised using 16S rRNA v4 amplicon sequencing, with data processed in QIIME2 and analysed using packages within PHYLOSEQ and VEGAN. Metabolite determined using untargeted metabolomics (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer), with peak calling in MZmine and subsequent data analyses in PHYLOSEQ/VEGAN. I found that (1) radiation significantly affected the alpha and beta diversities of gut microbiota, but not the metabolites and (2) the changes in gut bacteria diversity were not readily associated with the changes in metabolite diversity. These results strengthened an earlier understanding that exposure to an increased level of radiation alters the gut microbiota of bank voles. Since exposure radiation affected the gut microbiota diversity, but no association was found between changes in gut microbiota and metabolites, this reinforces a complexity of understanding whether changes in microbiota communities inferred from amplicon sequencing data can be interpreted in term of alterations to key services such as the provision of metabolites.
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