Nature-based integration of migrants : A cross-national systematic literature review

Abstract

Migration is as old as humankind, and the integration of people with a migration background is a hot topic worldwide. The focus on nature-based integration has increased over the last 20 years. Previous reviews discussing nature-based integration have focused mainly on Europe and the USA; this systematic quantitative review provides a global overview of the nature activity patterns, nature experiences, and possible hindrances migrants face. We reviewed 42 studies focusing on nature activity and the experiences of migrants. Our specific research questions were: (1) In the studies, what type of nature activities can be found in which people with a different migration background have participated or preferred? (2) How do nature activities and experiences affect the integration of people with different migration backgrounds? (3) What kind of negative nature experiences can act as hindrances in the integration of people with a migration background? Walking, sport, and gardening are the most reported physical activities by people with a different migration background, but migrants’ nature activity patterns differ at the levels of ethnicity and the individual. Nature activity patterns cannot be generalised for everyone with a different migration background, and tailored individual nature-based integration measures are needed. Elements that can promote integration are social interaction, emotional attachment, and a sense of belonging, whereas possible hindrances to the migrant’s integration are discrimination, the accessibility of nature, and a lack of information and communication. We conclude that nature activities have positive impacts on the integration of people with a migration background, and the human–nature relationship can be further extended to the human–nature–social relationship, but the empirical evidence is lacking, and nature-based integration effectiveness requires further investigation. We identify the need for a shift from nature-based integration to nature-based inclusion. This shift will require a participatory approach to incorporate the voices and experiences of people with a different migration background.