Density-dependent effects of sexual selection on sexual behaviour and female choice in two distinct wood tiger moth populations
Abstract
Seksuaalivalinta on lajin sisäisen lisääntymiskilpailun muoto. Sen kaksi
ensisijaista ilmenemismuotoa ovat kilpailu parittelukumppaneista ja
kumppaninvalinta. Vaihtelu populaatiotiheydessä voi vaikuttaa yksilöiden
seksuaalikäyttäytymiseen. Yksilöt voivat myös olla sopeutuneita paikalliseen
tiheyteen eivätkä ne välttämättä muuta käyttäytymistään merkittävästi
populaatiotiheyden viimeaikaisten muutosten vuoksi. Populaatiotiheys
vaikuttaa seksuaalivalinnan voimakkuuteen, mikä voi vaikuttaa populaation
käyttäytymiseen ja kelpoisuuteen. Seksuaalivalinta tyypillisesti lisää
populaation kelpoisuutta, mutta konfliktit sukupuolten välillä voivat heikentää
jälkeläistuotantoa. Täpläsiilikäs (Arctia plantaginis) on seksuaalisesti dimorfinen,
aposemaattinen perhoslaji. Koirailla on osoitettu olevan erilaisia värimuotoihin
sidonnaisia ja populaatiotiheydestä riippuvia, parittelumenetykseen vaikuttavia
etuja. Tässä tutkimuksessa testattiin virolaisten ja suomalaisten perhosten välisiä
eroja sukupuolikäyttäytymisessä eri populaatiotiheyksissä. Tutkimus
suoritettiin parituskokeena, jossa seksuaalivalinnan voimakuuteen vaikutettiin
manipuloimalla koirastiheyttä. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin kolme erilaista
tiheyskäsittelyä, joissa oli joko yksi, kolme tai yhdeksän koirasta yhtä naarasta
kohti. Molempien sukupuolten seksuaalikäyttäytymistä, naaraiden torjuntoja,
koiraiden aktiivisuutta ja parittelumenestystä populaatioiden ja käsiteltyjen
välillä havainnoitiin kokeiden ajan. Tilastolliset analyysit tehtiin R-ohjelmalla,
käyttäen yleistettyjä lineaarisia malleja ja Cox-elinaika-analysia. Molemmat
populaatiot hyötyivät seksuaalivalinnasta, mutta virolaisella populaatiolla oli
yleisesti parempi parittelumenestys, ja koiraiden naaraisiin kohdistuva häirinnät
ei rajoittanut sitä, vastaavalla tavalla kuin mitä se rajoitti suomalaista
populaatiota korkeissa koirastiheyksissä. Naaraiden kutsumiskäyttäytyminen ei
eronnut merkittävästi populaatioiden tai käsittelyjen välillä. Koiraiden
keskimääräinen aktiivisuus ei eronnut populaatioiden välillä, mutta kasvoi
suuremmissa koirastiheyksissä. Tulokseni viittaavat siihen, että optimaalinen
populaatiotiheys ja siten seksuaalivalinnan vahvuus vaihtelee populaatioittain,
johtuen eroista naaraiden valikoivuudessa ja häirinnän siedossa.
Sexual selection is a form of reproductive competition within species. Its two primary mechanisms are competition for mates and mate choice. Typically, males are the more competing sex and females are the choosier sex. Variation in population density may influence sexual behaviour of the individuals, but individuals may also be adapted to their local density and might not always alter their behaviour based on recent changes in population density. Population density influences the strength of sexual selection, which may affect behaviour of individuals and fitness of population. Sexual selection typically increases population fitness, however, conflict between sexes can proximately decrease population’s reproductive output. The wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) is a sexually dimorphic, aposematic moth species. Males have been shown to have different mating advantages linked to differences in coloration, based on the population density. The aim of this study was to test how sexual behaviour differs between moths from neighbouring Estonian and Finnish populations in different population densities. The study was conducted as a mating experiment in which strength of sexual selection was manipulated by male density. This was done by forming three different density treatments, which had either one, three or nine males per one female. Sexual behaviour of both sexes, rejections by females, male activity, and mating success were observed. The statistical analyses were done using Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Cox proportional hazard models with programme R. Both Estonian and Finnish population benefited from sexual selection, but the Estonian population had overall higher mating success and was not as limited by harassment in higher population densities as the Finnish population. Female calling behaviour did not significantly differ between the populations or treatments. Average male activity did not differ between populations but increased in higher male densities. My results suggest that optimal population density and thus strength of sexual selection differs between populations, due to differences in female choosiness and vulnerability to harassment.
Sexual selection is a form of reproductive competition within species. Its two primary mechanisms are competition for mates and mate choice. Typically, males are the more competing sex and females are the choosier sex. Variation in population density may influence sexual behaviour of the individuals, but individuals may also be adapted to their local density and might not always alter their behaviour based on recent changes in population density. Population density influences the strength of sexual selection, which may affect behaviour of individuals and fitness of population. Sexual selection typically increases population fitness, however, conflict between sexes can proximately decrease population’s reproductive output. The wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) is a sexually dimorphic, aposematic moth species. Males have been shown to have different mating advantages linked to differences in coloration, based on the population density. The aim of this study was to test how sexual behaviour differs between moths from neighbouring Estonian and Finnish populations in different population densities. The study was conducted as a mating experiment in which strength of sexual selection was manipulated by male density. This was done by forming three different density treatments, which had either one, three or nine males per one female. Sexual behaviour of both sexes, rejections by females, male activity, and mating success were observed. The statistical analyses were done using Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Cox proportional hazard models with programme R. Both Estonian and Finnish population benefited from sexual selection, but the Estonian population had overall higher mating success and was not as limited by harassment in higher population densities as the Finnish population. Female calling behaviour did not significantly differ between the populations or treatments. Average male activity did not differ between populations but increased in higher male densities. My results suggest that optimal population density and thus strength of sexual selection differs between populations, due to differences in female choosiness and vulnerability to harassment.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2023
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202306133739Use this for linking
Language
English
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