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dc.contributor.authorSirola, Anu
dc.contributor.authorNuckols, Julia
dc.contributor.authorNyrhinen, Jussi
dc.contributor.authorWilska, Terhi-Anna
dc.date.accessioned2022-06-30T08:55:11Z
dc.date.available2022-06-30T08:55:11Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.identifier.citationSirola, A., Nuckols, J., Nyrhinen, J., & Wilska, T.-A. (2022). The use of the Dark Web as a COVID-19 information source : A three-country study. <i>Technology in Society</i>, <i>70</i>, Article 102012. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102012</a>
dc.identifier.otherCONVID_147284636
dc.identifier.urihttps://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/82128
dc.description.abstractThe Dark Web (i.e., the anonymous web or Darknet) contains potentially harmful COVID-19-related information and content such as conspiracy theories and forged certificates. The Dark Web may particularly attract individuals who are suspicious about the pandemic, but there is no research concerning the use of the Dark Web as a COVID-19 information source. In this study, we investigated the role of COVID-19 skepticism, online activities, and loneliness in the use of the Dark Web platforms as a COVID-19 information source. The data (N = 3000) were gathered in April 2021 from 18 to 75-year-old respondents from Finland (n = 1000), Sweden (n = 1000) and the United Kingdom (n = 1000). The respondents were asked how often they had utilized Dark Web platforms (for example via TOR-network) as a COVID-19 information source during the pandemic. Self-reported measures of institutional trust, anti-vaccine stances, restriction obedience, online activities, and loneliness were used as predictors in the logistic regression model. Age, gender, and education were also included in the model. The Dark Web use was more prevalent in the UK and Sweden. There was an association between anti-vaccine stances and active Dark Web use in the UK and Sweden, while low institutional trust predicted use among Finnish respondents. In all countries, restriction disobedience was related to Dark Web use as a COVID-19 information source. Frequent online gambling, increased social media use, and loneliness predicted Dark Web use, and these associations were even stronger among frequent Dark Web users than occasional users. Younger age and male gender were also associated with Dark Web use. The unregulated nature of the Dark Web makes it a risky alternative to COVID-19 information, attracting individuals who are suspicious about the pandemic and overall active online users. Misleading information and availability of forged certificates on the Dark Web challenge official health policies, posing significant risks for both individual and public health.en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofseriesTechnology in Society
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.subject.otheranonymity
dc.subject.otherCOVID-19
dc.subject.otherDark web
dc.subject.othermisinformation
dc.subject.otheronline information
dc.subject.othersocial media
dc.titleThe use of the Dark Web as a COVID-19 information source : A three-country study
dc.typearticle
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:fi:jyu-202206303729
dc.contributor.laitosYhteiskuntatieteiden ja filosofian laitosfi
dc.contributor.laitosInformaatioteknologian tiedekuntafi
dc.contributor.laitosDepartment of Social Sciences and Philosophyen
dc.contributor.laitosFaculty of Information Technologyen
dc.contributor.oppiaineSosiologiafi
dc.contributor.oppiaineResurssiviisausyhteisöfi
dc.contributor.oppiaineSosiologyen
dc.contributor.oppiaineSchool of Resource Wisdomen
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.description.reviewstatuspeerReviewed
dc.relation.issn0160-791X
dc.relation.volume70
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion
dc.rights.copyright© 2022 the Authors
dc.rights.accesslevelopenAccessfi
dc.relation.grantnumber335635
dc.relation.grantnumber327237
dc.subject.ysoluottamus
dc.subject.ysoverkkoaineisto
dc.subject.ysoanonymiteetti
dc.subject.ysososiaalinen media
dc.subject.ysopandemiat
dc.subject.ysotiedonlähteet
dc.subject.ysorokotevastaisuus
dc.subject.ysoanonyymiverkot
dc.subject.ysokansainvälinen vertailu
dc.subject.ysoCOVID-19
dc.format.contentfulltext
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p1725
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p24267
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p22512
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p20774
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p10121
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p9006
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p39122
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p27611
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p19660
jyx.subject.urihttp://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p38829
dc.rights.urlhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.relation.doi10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102012
dc.relation.funderResearch Council of Finlanden
dc.relation.funderResearch Council of Finlanden
dc.relation.funderSuomen Akatemiafi
dc.relation.funderSuomen Akatemiafi
jyx.fundingprogramOthers, AoFen
jyx.fundingprogramStrategic research programmes, AoFen
jyx.fundingprogramMuut, SAfi
jyx.fundingprogramStrategisen tutkimuksen ohjelmat STN, SAfi
jyx.fundinginformationThis work was supported by the Academy of Finland (decision #335635) and the Strategic Research Council established within the Academy of Finland (decision #327237).
dc.type.okmA1


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