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Constructing Gender Identities Multimodally: Young, Middle-Class Pakistanis on Facebook

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JYU dissertations
Authors
Salam-Salmaoui, Rauha
Date
2022

 
In recent years, in Pakistan, Facebook has emerged as a dynamic online platform that provides its users (both men and women) with unparalleled opportunities to express themselves using variety of multimodal resources. Using Multimodal Discourse Analysis and taking insights from the theory of performativity, this study specifically aimed to examine how young middle-class Pakistani men and women mobilise visual and linguistic resources in constructing their gender identities in their Facebook posts. More importantly, the study explored in what ways young middle-class Pakistani men and women adhere to or contest the prevailing linguistic and socio-cultural norms and stereotypical gender notions in Pakistan in their Facebook posts and what specific role Facebook plays in enabling and constraining the construction of their gender identities. The results of the study indicated that in Pakistan, Facebook constitutes as a complex phenomenon. On the one hand, Facebook has become another venue where gender norms are reinforced and perpetuated. On the other hand, Facebook was found to be particularly empowering for previously marginalised groups (e.g., women assault victims, the LGBT community) as it offered them space to resist the dominant hegemonic discourses. Thus, these results are in line with previous findings that the gender differences visible in the offline world are not only reinforced but also challenged on social media platforms, as these provide users with a site on which they can simultaneously transgress the dominant gender ideologies. ...
 
Viime vuosina Facebookista on tullut Pakistanissa dynaaminen internetalusta, joka tarjoaa käyttäjille mahdollisuuksia ilmaista itseään uusilla, monimodaalisilla tavoilla. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan multimodaalisen diskurssianalyysin ja performatiivisuuden teorian avulla sitä, miten nuoret, keskiluokkaiset pakistanilaisnaiset ja -miehet käyttävät visuaalisia ja kielellisiä resursseja rakentaessaan sukupuoli-identiteettejään Facebook-postauksissaan. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan erityisesti sitä, miten pakistanilaisnaisten ja - miesten tavat esittää sukupuolta Facebook-postauksissa sekä noudattavat että haastavat vallitsevia kielellisiä ja sosiokulttuurisia normeja sekä Pakistanissa vallitsevia sukupuolistereotypioita. Lisäksi tutkittiin, millaisilla tavoilla Facebook itsessään mahdollistaa ja rajoittaa sukupuoli-identiteettien rakentumista. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat Facebook-viestinnän monitahoisuuden. Yhtäältä Facebookista on tullut paikka, jossa sukupuolinormeja vahvistetaan. Toisaalta Facebook osoittautui voimaannuttavaksi aiemmin marginaalisoiduille ryhmille kuten väkivallan kohteeksi joutuneille naisille ja LGBT-yhteisöille: se tarjoaa tilan, jossa vastustaa vallitsevia hegemonisia diskursseja. Nämä tulokset vahvistavat aiempia tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan sosiaalisessa mediassa voidaan sekä vahvistaa että haastaa yhteiskunnassa vallitsevia sukupuolieroja. ...
 
ISBN
978-951-39-9325-2
Contains publications
  • Artikkeli I: Salam, R. (2020). Compliance and resistance : An investigation into the construction of gender identities by Pakistani women on Facebook. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 26(4), 503-527. DOI: 10.1080/12259276.2020.1854414
  • Artikkeli II: Salam, R. (2021). Men will be Men? : Masculinities on display in the Facebook communication practices of Pakistani men. Norma : International Journal for Masculinity Studies, 16(1), 38-56. DOI: 10.1080/18902138.2021.1875640
  • Artikkeli III: Salam, R. (2021). In a World Where You can be Anyone : An Investigation into the Gendered Social Practices of Pakistani Facebook Users. Gender Issues, Online first. DOI: 10.1007/s12147-021-09289-0
URI

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-9325-2

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