Variation in reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) egg phenotype with local breeding microhabitat
Abstract
Lintujen munien värityksen yhtenä tärkeimpänä syynä pidetään pedoilta suojautumista. Pesämateriaalin, -paikan sekä valoympäristön vaihdellessa munat, jotka sulautuvat hyvin pesän visuaaliseen ympäristöön, jäävät saalistajilta helpommin huomaamatta. Lajien välisten erojen lisäksi munien väritys vaihtelee myös lajinsisäisesti eri yksilöiden välillä, minkä syitä ei tarkkaan tiedetä. Tutkimuksessani mittasin rytikerttusten (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) munien värityksen, pesäkorkeuden sekä pesimäajankohdan vaihtelua Suomessa, lajin levinneisyysalueen pohjoisreunalla, selvittääkseni hyödyntävätkö naaraat pesimähabitaatin valoympäristön vaihtelua muniensa suojavärityksen parantamiseksi. Rytikerttusten pesimähabitaattinaan suosima ruovikko on usein rakenteeltaan homogeeninen, mutta kasvaa kesän aikana nopeasti. Ruovikon nopean kasvun vuoksi oletin, että ruovikon valoympäristö muuttuisi pesimäkauden aikana tummemmaksi, ruskeasävyisemmäksi sekä vähemmän laikukkaaksi (ts. tasaisemman varjoisaksi). Lisäksi lähempänä maanpintaa, valoympäristön tulisi olla tummempi, ruskeasävyisempi sekä vähemmän laikukas verrattuna ruovikon yläosiin, korsien ja lehtien estäessä valon kulkeutumista ruovikon pohjalle saakka. Oletin, että mikäli naaraat parantavat muniensa suojaväritystä habitaatin sisällä vaihtelevassa valoympäristössä, myöhemmin pesimäkaudella sekä matalammalla sijaitsevissa pesissä olevien munien tulisi olla tummempia, ruskeampia sekä vähäkontrastisemmin kuvioituja kuin kauden alussa tai korkeammalle rakennettuihin pesiin munittujen munien. Tulokseni osoittavat, että rytikerttuset munivat tummempia, ruskeampia ja vähäkontrastisempia munia myöhemmin pesimäkaudella, sekä mukauttavat pesäkorkeuttaan niin, että munien ja valoympäristön välillä oli positiivinen korrelaatio kirkkaudessa ja laikukkuudessa. Yksilöllisesti vaihteleva munan väritys saattaa siis parantaa suojaväritystä vaihtelevassa valoympäristössä, ja rytikerttusnaaraat parantavat munien suojaväritystä valitsemalla sopivan pesäpaikan valoympäristöä apunaan käyttäen.
The wide diversity of egg colouration among bird species has fascinated biologists for centuries and it is now well known that camouflage from predators is a major cause of variation. As nests vary in material, location and light environment, eggs that are well camouflaged in their visual nest environment are more likely to avoid detection by predators. However, if predation is a major selective force, why is there a surprising amount of variation in egg colouration also within species? Here, I studied reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) breeding in southern Finland to test whether females take advantage of microhabitat variation in the light environment to enhance camouflage of their eggs. Reed warblers breed in monotypic reeds that grow rapidly during the season, and females show variation in their egg phenotype, nest height, and timing of breeding. Because of reed growth, I predicted that there would be seasonal and vertical variation in the microhabitat light environment so that later in the season, and at a lower height, the light environment would be darker, longwave shifted (i.e., browner) and less dappled due to overlapping vegetation. Therefore, I predicted that females breeding later in the season should lay darker, browner and less contrastingly patterned eggs to better match the light environment. Additionally, or alternatively, females should build their nest at a height that best matches their egg colouration; darker, browner and less contrastingly patterned eggs should be more likely to occur in lower nests. As predicted, females laid darker, browner and less contrasting eggs later in the season and their egg phenotype positively correlated with the nest light environment in brightness and contrast, although not in brownness. My results suggest that phenotypic variation in luminance and patterning may enhance egg camouflage in visually varying microhabitats, and females promote this by choosing suitable nest sites, using the light environment as a cue. Plausibly matching respective light environments could drive the diversity of egg phenotypes by increased survival benefits in naturally heterogeneous environments.
The wide diversity of egg colouration among bird species has fascinated biologists for centuries and it is now well known that camouflage from predators is a major cause of variation. As nests vary in material, location and light environment, eggs that are well camouflaged in their visual nest environment are more likely to avoid detection by predators. However, if predation is a major selective force, why is there a surprising amount of variation in egg colouration also within species? Here, I studied reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) breeding in southern Finland to test whether females take advantage of microhabitat variation in the light environment to enhance camouflage of their eggs. Reed warblers breed in monotypic reeds that grow rapidly during the season, and females show variation in their egg phenotype, nest height, and timing of breeding. Because of reed growth, I predicted that there would be seasonal and vertical variation in the microhabitat light environment so that later in the season, and at a lower height, the light environment would be darker, longwave shifted (i.e., browner) and less dappled due to overlapping vegetation. Therefore, I predicted that females breeding later in the season should lay darker, browner and less contrastingly patterned eggs to better match the light environment. Additionally, or alternatively, females should build their nest at a height that best matches their egg colouration; darker, browner and less contrastingly patterned eggs should be more likely to occur in lower nests. As predicted, females laid darker, browner and less contrasting eggs later in the season and their egg phenotype positively correlated with the nest light environment in brightness and contrast, although not in brownness. My results suggest that phenotypic variation in luminance and patterning may enhance egg camouflage in visually varying microhabitats, and females promote this by choosing suitable nest sites, using the light environment as a cue. Plausibly matching respective light environments could drive the diversity of egg phenotypes by increased survival benefits in naturally heterogeneous environments.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2021
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202203211937Use this for linking
Language
English
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