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Graphene phononic crystals fabricated with electron-beam lithography

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Authors
Lankinen, Aaro
Date
2021
Discipline
FysiikkaPhysics
Copyright
This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.

 
Koska grafeeni on aito kaksiulotteinen materiaali, sen avulla voidaan tutkia käytännössä teorioiden ennustamaa käyttäytymistä sellaisissa järjestelmissä. Yksi erityisen kiinnostava ilmiö on lämmönjohtavuuden lasku kun materiaaliin luodaan säännöllinen reikien joukko. Tällöin puhutaan fononikiteestä. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa kehitettiin elektronisuihkulitografiaan pohjautuva prosessi, jolla voidaan valmistaa fononikiteitä useilla eri hilan parametreillä. Lisäksi kokeiltiin grafeenipinnan puhdistusta reaktiivisen ionietsauksen (RIE) avulla. Valmiit grafeenifononikidelaitteet kuvannettiin optisen, elektronisuihku-, heliumionija atomivoimamikroskopian keinoin, sekä karakterisoitiin sähköisesti differentiaalikonduktanssin mittauksilla nestetypen lämpötilasta 75 K nesteheliumin läpötilaan 4 K. Työssä näytettiin, että valmistusmenetelmällä voidaan tuottaa vakaita rakenteita, joissa pienimmät kohdat ovat kymmenien nanometrien luokkaa, ja RIE-puhdistus paransi grafeenipinnan laatua kvalitatiivisesti. Grafeenifononikidelaitteiden differentiaalikonduktanssissa nähtiin huomattava aleneminen, kun jännitebias oli nolla alhaisemmilla lämpötiloilla. Tämä mahdollistaa tulevissa mittauksissa grafeenin lämmönmittauksen lokaalisti. Lisää tutkimusta tarvitaan, jotta tällaisten laitteiden lämmönjohtavuus saadaan mitattua alle 4 K:n lämpötiloissa. ...
 
Graphene, as a true 2D material, presents the possibility of studying in practice many theoretical models for the behaviour of such systems. One area of particular interest is the suppression of thermal conductance resulting from the introduction of a periodic array of holes into a material, then known as a phononic crystal (PnC). In this thesis work, an electron-beam lithography based process for fabricating PnCs of varying lattice parameters in graphene was developed. Additionally, a method for cleaning carbon contamination off graphene surfaces by reactive ion etching (RIE) was tested. The resulting graphene PnC (GPnC) devices were imaged through optical, scanning electron, helium ion and atomic force microscopy, as well as electrically characterized through differential conductance measurements at temperatures ranging from liquid nitrogen 75 K to liquid helium 4 K. The fabrication method was demonstrated to be capable of producing stable structures with feature sizes down to tens of nanometers, and the RIE cleaning method showed qualitative improvement of the graphene surfaces. Differential conductance of GPnC devices displayed a significant decrease at zero voltage bias with decreasing temperature, which provides a way for local thermometry of graphene in future work. Further research is required to measure the thermal conductance of such devices at temperatures below 4 K. ...
 
Keywords
phononic crystal electron-beam lithography grafeeni fononit graphene phonons
URI

http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202112226093

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