Pulmonary ventilation during acute dynamic exercise in type 2 diabetes patients : focus on ventilatory efficiency and exertional dyspnea
Abstract
TAUSTA: Tyypin 2 diabetes on maailmanlaajuinen terveysongelma, jonka kokonaisvaltaiseen hoitoon olennaisina osina kuuluvat fyysinen aktiivisuus ja harjoittelu. Toteutuneen fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja harjoittelun määrä tyypin 2 diabetes -potilailla on kuitenkin usein vähäinen. Tämä voi johtua potilaiden tavanomaista heikommasta rasituksensiedosta, jonka taustalla voivat vaikuttaa diabetekseen mahdollisesti liittyvät hengitys-, sydän-, ja verenkiertoelimistöjen toimintahäiriöt. Hengityselimistön yksi keskeisistä toiminnoista on ventilaatio eli keuhkotuuletus. Ventilaation tehottomuus erityisesti fyysisen rasituksen aikana aiheuttaa korostunutta hengästymis- ja/tai hengenahdistustuntemusta keuhko- ja sydänsairauksia sairastavilla potilailla. Tyypin 2 diabeteksen vaikutuksista ventilaatiotehokkuuteen, rasituksenaikaiseen hengästymiseen ja näiden välisiin yhteyksiin tiedetään vähän. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tutkia rasituksenaikaista ventilaatiotehokkuutta ja hengästymistä sekä näiden välisiä yhteyksiä aikuisilla, joilla on hiljattain diagnosoitu tyypin 2 diabetes.
MENETELMÄT: Kymmenen aikuista, joilla oli, ja 39 verrokkia, joilla ei ollut hiljattain diagnosoitua tyypin 2 diabetesta kävivät strukturoidussa lääkärintarkastuksessa ja laskimoverikokeissa sekä suorittivat portaittain nousevan kävelyrasituksen kävelymatolla uupumukseen asti. Rasituksen aikana mitattiin henkäys henkäykseltä keuhkojen ventilaatiota ja kaasujenvaihtoa (tilavuusturbiini, O2- ja CO2 -analyysit) muiden mittausten (verenpaine, sydänsähkökäyrä, pulssioksimetria) ohella. Ventilaatiotehokkuus määritettiin analysoimalla ventilaation ja CO2-ulosvirtauksen suhteen (V̇E/V̇CO2) rasituksenaikainen kulmakerroin ja matalin arvo sekä ventilaation arvo sellaisessa kuvitteellisessa tilanteessa, jossa V̇CO2 on 0 L/min (V̇E-leikkauspiste). Koetun rasituksenaikaisen hengästymisen intensiteettiä arvioitiin Borgin 0-10-asteikolla.
TULOKSET: Ikä (keskiarvo (keskihajonta) 54(4) vs. 52 (8) v, p = 0,440), sukupuoli (80 vs. 69 % naisia, p = 0,702), painoindeksi (31,0 (4,7) vs. 28,0 (4,3) kg/m2, p = 0,063), rasvaprosentti ja itseraportoitu fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrä eivät eronneet diabetespotilaiden ja verrokkien välillä. Diabetespotilaiden glykoitunut hemoglobiini A1c oli 47 (3) mmol/mol. Aerobinen kapasiteetti oli diabetespotilailla ja verrokeilla yhtä korkea (huippuhapenottokyky prosentteina viitearvosta 118 (13) vs. 127 (18) %, p = 0,946). V̇E/V̇CO2-suhteen kulmakerroin (28 (4) vs. 28 (4), p = 0,665) ja matalin arvo (28 (2) vs. 28 (3), p = 0,570) sekä V̇E-leikkauspiste (4,8 (3,1) vs. 4,6 (2,4) L/min, p = 0,913) olivat ryhmissä samaa normaalitasoa. Myös ventilaatiotehokkuuden olennaisimmat määrittäjät (valtimoveren CO2-osapaine ja fysiologisen kuolleen tilavuuden suhde kertahengitystilavuuteen), jotka estimoitiin ei-kajoavasti, olivat ryhmissä samaa tasoa (p > 0,05). Koetun hengästymisen intensiteetissä ei ollut ryhmien välillä eroa submaksimaalisilla rasitustasoilla (p > 0,05). Koetun rasituksenaikaisen hengästymisen intensiteetissä ei havaittu eroa myöskään silloin, kun verrattiin sellaisia tutkittavia, joilla ventilaatiotehokkuus oli mediaaniarvoja korkeampaa, sellaisiin tutkittaviin, joilla ventilaatiotehokkuus oli mediaaniarvoja matalampaa (p > 0,05).
JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET: Akuutin portaittain nousevan dynaamisen rasituksen aikana ei siis havaittu ventilaatiotehokkuudessa, sitä määrittävissä tekijöissä eikä koetun hengästymisen intensiteetissä eroja tyypin 2 diabetes -potilaiden, joiden diabetes oli hiljattain diagnosoitu ja hyvässä hoitotasapainossa, ja verrokkien välillä. Tutkittavien normaalilla ventilaatiotehokkuudella ei myöskään havaittu olevan yhteyttä koettuun rasituksenaikaiseen hengästymiseen. Näiden löydösten perusteella 1) hiljattain diagnosoitu ja hyvässä hoitotasapainossa oleva tyypin 2 diabetes ei itsessään heikennä ventilaatiotehokkuutta, 2) normaalitasoa olevalla ventilaatiotehokkuudella ei ole yhteyttä koettuun rasituksenaikaiseen hengästymiseen, ja 3) hiljattain diagnosoitu ja hyvässä hoitotasapainossa oleva tyypin 2 diabetes ei itsessään vaikuta koetun rasituksenaikaisen hengästymisen intensiteettiin eikä siten todennäköisestikään altista sellaiselle rasituksenaikaiselle hengästymiselle, joka vaikuttaisi diabetespotilaan fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen.
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a global health problem. Physical activity and exercise are cornerstones in the management of the disease, but engagement in physical activity and exercise is poor among type 2 diabetes patients. This may be due to disproportionate exercise intolerance potentially having its origins in multiple disease-related dysfunctions of respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Pulmonary ventilation is one key function of the respiratory system, and inefficient pulmonary ventilation causes exaggerated exertional dyspnea and exercise intolerance in patients with clinically manifested pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. It is not known if this is the case also in type 2 diabetes patients. This thesis aimed at examining ventilatory efficiency, exertional dyspnea, and their associations in adults with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Ten adults with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 39 adults without diabetes went through comprehensive health screening, collection of venous blood samples, and an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test performed by walking on a treadmill until volitional task failure. Breath-by-breath ventilatory gas exchange (volume turbine, discrete O2 and CO2 analysis) was monitored along with other measurements (blood pressure, electrocardiography, pulse oximetry) during the exercise test. The slope and nadir of the ratio of minute ventilation and pulmonary CO2 output (V̇E/V̇CO2) as well as the starting point of the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (V̇E intercept) were determined to reflect exertional ventilatory efficiency. The intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea was evaluated using the Borg 0-10 category-ratio scale. RESULTS: Age (mean (standard deviation) 54 (4) vs. 52 (8) years, p = 0.440), sex (80 vs. 69 % females, p = 0.702), body mass index (31.0 (4.7) vs. 28.0 (4.3) kg/m2, p = 0.063), body fat percentage, and self-reported physical activity did not differ between the subjects with and without diabetes, respectively. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c was 47 (3) mmol/mol in the subjects with diabetes. Aerobic capacity was similar in the subjects with and without diabetes (percent-predicted peak pulmonary O2 uptake 118 (13) vs. 127 (18) %, respectively, p = 0.946). V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (28 (4) vs. 28 (4), p = 0.665), V̇E/V̇CO2 nadir (28 (2) vs. 28 (3), p = 0.570), and V̇E intercept (4.8 (3.1) vs. 4.6 (2.4) L/min, p = 0.913) were similar in the subjects with and without diabetes, respectively, and also within normal limits. Accordingly, noninvasively estimated arterial CO2 setpoint and the behavior of physiological dead space ratio, which are the key determinants of ventilatory efficiency, did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). In addition, perceived intensities of dyspnea did not differ between the groups at submaximal exercise intensities (p > 0.05). There were also no differences in the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea between subjects with above-median and below-median ventilatory efficiency (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ventilatory efficiency, its key determinants, and the intensity of perceived dyspnea during acute incremental dynamic exercise did not differ between the adults with and without recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes. In addition, the observed normal ventilatory efficiency was not associated with the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea. These findings suggest that 1) abnormal ventilatory efficiency observed in a patient with recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes is unlikely due to diabetes per se, 2) normal ventilatory efficiency has no associations with the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea, and 3) recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes per se does not modify the intensity of perceived dyspnea, and thus, may not expose to such exertional dyspnea that would be a significant barrier to physical activity.
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a global health problem. Physical activity and exercise are cornerstones in the management of the disease, but engagement in physical activity and exercise is poor among type 2 diabetes patients. This may be due to disproportionate exercise intolerance potentially having its origins in multiple disease-related dysfunctions of respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Pulmonary ventilation is one key function of the respiratory system, and inefficient pulmonary ventilation causes exaggerated exertional dyspnea and exercise intolerance in patients with clinically manifested pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. It is not known if this is the case also in type 2 diabetes patients. This thesis aimed at examining ventilatory efficiency, exertional dyspnea, and their associations in adults with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Ten adults with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 39 adults without diabetes went through comprehensive health screening, collection of venous blood samples, and an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test performed by walking on a treadmill until volitional task failure. Breath-by-breath ventilatory gas exchange (volume turbine, discrete O2 and CO2 analysis) was monitored along with other measurements (blood pressure, electrocardiography, pulse oximetry) during the exercise test. The slope and nadir of the ratio of minute ventilation and pulmonary CO2 output (V̇E/V̇CO2) as well as the starting point of the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (V̇E intercept) were determined to reflect exertional ventilatory efficiency. The intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea was evaluated using the Borg 0-10 category-ratio scale. RESULTS: Age (mean (standard deviation) 54 (4) vs. 52 (8) years, p = 0.440), sex (80 vs. 69 % females, p = 0.702), body mass index (31.0 (4.7) vs. 28.0 (4.3) kg/m2, p = 0.063), body fat percentage, and self-reported physical activity did not differ between the subjects with and without diabetes, respectively. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c was 47 (3) mmol/mol in the subjects with diabetes. Aerobic capacity was similar in the subjects with and without diabetes (percent-predicted peak pulmonary O2 uptake 118 (13) vs. 127 (18) %, respectively, p = 0.946). V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (28 (4) vs. 28 (4), p = 0.665), V̇E/V̇CO2 nadir (28 (2) vs. 28 (3), p = 0.570), and V̇E intercept (4.8 (3.1) vs. 4.6 (2.4) L/min, p = 0.913) were similar in the subjects with and without diabetes, respectively, and also within normal limits. Accordingly, noninvasively estimated arterial CO2 setpoint and the behavior of physiological dead space ratio, which are the key determinants of ventilatory efficiency, did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). In addition, perceived intensities of dyspnea did not differ between the groups at submaximal exercise intensities (p > 0.05). There were also no differences in the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea between subjects with above-median and below-median ventilatory efficiency (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ventilatory efficiency, its key determinants, and the intensity of perceived dyspnea during acute incremental dynamic exercise did not differ between the adults with and without recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes. In addition, the observed normal ventilatory efficiency was not associated with the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea. These findings suggest that 1) abnormal ventilatory efficiency observed in a patient with recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes is unlikely due to diabetes per se, 2) normal ventilatory efficiency has no associations with the intensity of perceived exertional dyspnea, and 3) recently diagnosed and well-controlled type 2 diabetes per se does not modify the intensity of perceived dyspnea, and thus, may not expose to such exertional dyspnea that would be a significant barrier to physical activity.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2020
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202005113125Use this for linking
Language
English
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