Lifelong learning : Formal, non-formal and informal learning in the context of the use of problem-solving skills in technology rich environments
Nygren, H., Nissinen, K., Hämäläinen, R., & De Wever, B. (2019). Lifelong learning : Formal, non-formal and informal learning in the context of the use of problem-solving skills in technology rich environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1759-1770. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12807
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British Journal of Educational TechnologyDate
2019Copyright
© 2019 British Educational Research Association
The evolving technological landscape in the digital era has a crucial influence on lifelong learning and the demand for problem‐solving skills. In this paper, we identify associations between formal, non‐formal and informal learning with sufficient problem‐solving skills in technology‐rich environments (TRE). We focus on adults' problem‐solving skills in TRE as a novel approach to investigate formal, non‐formal and informal learning based on data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. This programme measured 16–64‐year‐old adults' proficiency in problem‐solving skills in TRE. The total sample size was 61 654 individuals from 13 European countries. Our results clearly indicate that the skill levels of more than 50% of adults aged 16–64 years old seem to be insufficient to cope effectively in TRE. The findings suggest that the learning ecologies of adults are a combination of formal, non‐formal and informal learning activities. The overall level of problem‐solving skills in TRE was higher among individuals who indicated that they have participated either formal or non‐formal learning activities, compared to those who have not. However, interestingly, the association between formal learning and problem‐solving skills in TRE was not major. Instead, our results clearly indicate that informal learning seems to be highly associated with sufficient problem‐solving skills in TRE. In practice, we outline those formal, non‐formal and informal learning activities that adults perform when applying the skills in TRE. By recognising these activities undertaken by sufficient problem solvers, we can promote lifelong learning skills. Our findings can also be used as a starting point for future studies on lifelong learning.
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Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.ISSN Search the Publication Forum
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Additional information about funding
Foundational work for this paper was supported by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland call for Adaption and Resilience for Sustainable Growth [grant no. 313395] during 2018-20.License
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