Does dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) at environmentally relevant concentrations cause developmental defects in brown trout larvae (Salmo trutta lacustris)?
Abstract
Hartsihapot ovat puun luonnollisia uuteaineita, joita päätyy vesistöihin sellu- ja
paperitehtaiden jätevesien mukana. Niiden on osoitettu olevan kaloille ja muille
vesieliöille haitallisia yhdisteitä. Etenkin aikaiset kalanpoikasten kehitysvaiheet
ovat herkkiä vierasaineille, sillä altistuminen voi aiheuttaa kehityshäiriöitä.
Dehydroabietiinihappo (DHAA) on yksi sellutehtaiden jätevesien yleisimmistä ja
seuratuimmista hartsihapoista. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia
ympäristön kannalta relevanttien DHAA-pitoisuuksien vaikutuksia järvitaimenen
(Salmo trutta lacustris) vastakuoriutuneiden poikasten kehitykselle. Laboratoriossa
suoritettiin 13 päivän DHAA-altistus, jonka aikana seurattiin poikasten
kuolleisuutta. Altistuksen jälkeen poikasista todettiin ruskuaispussitaudin oireita,
kuten ruskuaispussin ja sydänpussin edeemia. Myös poikasten kasvua ja energian
kulutusta seurattiin mittaamalla poikasten pituus ja tasomainen ruskuaispussin
pinta-ala altistuksen jälkeen. DHAA on polyaromaattisten hiilivetyjen esiaste, joten
sen aryylihiilivetyreseptorin (AhR) aktivaatiota tutkittiin cyp1a-geenin ekspression
avulla yhden päivän DHAA-akuuttialtistuksen jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa
positiivisena kontrollina käytetty reteeni aiheutti poikasissa suurimmat
vaikutukset. Epämuodostumia havaittiin kaikissa tutkituissa DHAApitoisuuksissa.
Suuren toistokäsittelyjen välisen vaihtelun vuoksi selkeitä DHAAannosriippuvaisia
johtopäätöksiä ei voitu tehdä poikasten pituuden ja
ruskuaispussin pinta-alan osalta, kun saatuja tuloksia verrattiin nollakontrolliin.
Mikään käsittelyryhmä ei aiheuttanut tilastollisesti merkitsevää AhR-aktivaatiota,
joten epämuodostuvat syntyvät luultavasti jollain muulla mekanismilla. Tulokset
kuitenkin antavat syyn uskoa, että DHAA voisi aiheuttaa kehityshäiriöitä
järvitaimenen poikasissa. Sellutehtaiden jatkuvat päästöt vesistöihin ja
kalanpoikasten krooninen altistuminen jätevesien komponenteille voi siten
aiheuttaa kehityshäiriöitä kalanpoikasille sellu- ja paperitehtaiden alapuolisissa
vesistöissä. Lisää tutkimusta tarvitaan, jotta mekanismi mahdollisten
epämuodostumien syntyyn selviäisi.
Resin acids are natural wood extractives released into aquatic environments along with pulp and paper mill waste water effluents. Resin acids have previously been shown to cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms, such as fish. Especially the early-life stages of fish are vulnerable, since the exposure may lead to developmental defects. One of the most abundant and monitored resin acid in pulp mill effluents is dehydroabietic acid (DHAA). The aim of this study was to find out the effects of DHAA to newly hatched brown trout larvae (Salmo trutta lacustris) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Measured endpoints following the 13-day sub-chronic DHAA laboratory exposure were the symptoms of blue sac disease: mortality and deformities, e.g., yolk sac edemas and pericardial edemas. Also, the body length and planar yolk sac area of the larvae were measured. As DHAA is a precursor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was measured as cyp1a gene expression after 1-day acute DHAA exposure. Following the laboratory exposures, the positive control treatment, retene, caused most of the observed effects of measured endpoints. Yolk sac and pericardial edemas were detected even in the lowest DHAA concentrations. Due to large variations between replicate treatments, no clear DHAA dose dependent trend was found in body length or planar yolk sac area of the larvae compared to negative solvent control (DMSO) treatment. None of the treatments caused statistically significant AhR activation. However, the results of this study showed the potential of DHAA to cause adverse effects on developing S. trutta larvae. The continuous resin acid load in aquatic environments and chronic exposure of DHAA may harm the normal development of fish larvae downstream from pulp and paper mills. Further research on the mechanisms leading up to developmental defects and deformities is needed.
Resin acids are natural wood extractives released into aquatic environments along with pulp and paper mill waste water effluents. Resin acids have previously been shown to cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms, such as fish. Especially the early-life stages of fish are vulnerable, since the exposure may lead to developmental defects. One of the most abundant and monitored resin acid in pulp mill effluents is dehydroabietic acid (DHAA). The aim of this study was to find out the effects of DHAA to newly hatched brown trout larvae (Salmo trutta lacustris) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Measured endpoints following the 13-day sub-chronic DHAA laboratory exposure were the symptoms of blue sac disease: mortality and deformities, e.g., yolk sac edemas and pericardial edemas. Also, the body length and planar yolk sac area of the larvae were measured. As DHAA is a precursor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was measured as cyp1a gene expression after 1-day acute DHAA exposure. Following the laboratory exposures, the positive control treatment, retene, caused most of the observed effects of measured endpoints. Yolk sac and pericardial edemas were detected even in the lowest DHAA concentrations. Due to large variations between replicate treatments, no clear DHAA dose dependent trend was found in body length or planar yolk sac area of the larvae compared to negative solvent control (DMSO) treatment. None of the treatments caused statistically significant AhR activation. However, the results of this study showed the potential of DHAA to cause adverse effects on developing S. trutta larvae. The continuous resin acid load in aquatic environments and chronic exposure of DHAA may harm the normal development of fish larvae downstream from pulp and paper mills. Further research on the mechanisms leading up to developmental defects and deformities is needed.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2018
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201806153236Use this for linking
Language
English